Mental Disorders - 738 Words

Study Guide Criminology Social structure theory- a theory that explains crime by reference to some aspect of the social fabric. Broken window thesis- a perspective on crime causation that holds that physical deterioration in an area leads to increased concerns for personal safety among area residents and to higher crime rates in that area. Crime mapping- hot spots (where the crime is) Walter Miller found that trouble is a dominant feature of lower class culture. (True) Violence more expectable in the south Techniques of neutralization- criminal offenders deny responsibility for their behavior. The concept of co-offending refers to the fact that youthful offenders tend to commit crimes in the company of their peers. They found†¦show more content†¦4 motive categories are – revenge, love, profit, and terror. Mass murders are easy to apprehend because they rarely leave the scene of their crime, either because they commit suicide after the killings or because they stay long enough to be detected. Rape myth in common law- remember (men amp; marriage) Rape shield law- a statute providing for the protection of rape victims by ensuring that defendants do not introduce irrelevant facts about the victims sexual history into evidence. The vast majority of rapes occur when the victim and the offender have some prior relationship though not necessarily an intimate or a familial one. (True) Question on rape in prison- remember is (False) Scully identified several patterns to the rationalizations used by men who rape, and she organized these according to two broad types of rapists: admitters and deniers. As individuals they tend to be highly dissimilar from one another in terms of personal characteristics, life experience, and criminal histories. (False) With the exception of forcible rape, robbery is perhaps the most gender differentiated serious crime in the U.S. Assault is the prototype of violent crime. Separation assault- violence inflicted by partners on significant others who attempt to leave an intimate relationship. Statutory definitions of stalking: making phone calls, following the victim, sending letters, making threats, vandalizing property, and watchingShow MoreRelatedMental Health And Mental Disorders1050 Words   |  5 Pages Mental health and mental disorders are related in that which they both deal with the mind, they either have productive or detrimental effects on the individual. Mental health is basically when an individual is performing and being productive with in society. The individual has the ability to cope with specific issues and address those issues without cause. Mental disorders are any condition that is diagnosable through the DSM-5, and causes mood and behavioral changes. Mental disorders can haveRead MoreDefinition Of Mental Disorder1270 Words   |  6 PagesThe DSM-5 defines a mental disorder to be â€Å"a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance† in an individual’s cognition, behavior, and emotionality (American Psychiatric Association, 20). This form of diagnosis, as stated by Cuthbert and Insel, makes the clear statement that clinical diagnostics rely upon presenting symptoms and do not acknowledge fully the roles of biological and behavioral syste ms in mental disorders. This diagnostic dependency on presenting symptoms leads definitionsRead MoreThe Problem Of Mental Disorder884 Words   |  4 Pages†¢ Mental Disorder related to Following: †¢ Emotions †¢ Intelligence †¢ Social behavior †¢ Speech †¢ (Danielyan Nasrallah 2009) †¢ (Tartakovsky 2013) 1) Neurotic 2) Psychotic †¢ Extreme mood swings Hallucinations †¢ Delusions †¢ Personality disorder †¢ Extreme stress †¢ Always worried †¢ (Tartakovsky 2013) †¢ (Pseudopsyentist 2007) †¢ Own Schizophrenia category †¢ Impacts most factors from different categories †¢ (Barnett, 2007, p. 51) †¢ (Symptoms, 2014) †¢ Positive negative symptomsRead MoreIs Schizophrenia A Mental Disorder? Essay1418 Words   |  6 PagesSchizophrenia is a mental disorder in which the individual interprets reality abnormally, this means that the person has â€Å"Hallucinations, Delusions, Thought disorders (unusual or dysfunctional ways of thinking), Movement disorders (agitated body movements)†, and most importantly â€Å"it doesn’t have a cure†, as the National Institute of Mental Health states. If you caused a crime and claim that you have a mental disorder it doesn t mean that you get a free pass and not have to pay for your crime, itRead MoreSchizophreni A Mental Disorder Essay1278 Words   |  6 PagesSchizophrenia is a mental disorder that takes over a patient’s body and mind. Schizophrenia’s causes and mechanisms remain poorly understood, and the most common treatments do little to restore patients health (Kurtz 7). Schizophrenia affects the person’s brain and ability on to think and function. People with Schizophrenia have voices inside their heads telling them to do things they don t want to. People with schizophrenia are not eligible to control the things they do or say. Schizophrenia isRead MoreIndividuals with Mental Disorders1073 Words   |  5 Pagespart of this vast group of people. Mental illness is any disease of the mind and also the psychological state of someone who has emotional or behavioral problems that are serious enough to require psychiatric intervention. People with different mental disorders are given different kinds of medical care, given different treatment by everyday people, and are put into hospitals which is like â€Å"living in hell.† (NY Daily News). Today, people with different mental disorders are given various kinds of medicalRead MoreMental Illness Of Mental Health Disorders1590 Words   |  7 Pagessomewhat reliable evidence has been gathered on mental illnesses and their prevalence. Before around the 1980’s though, the evidence that was gathered on mental illnesses was too inconsistent to be credible. In a survey conducted by the World Health Organization’s department of World Mental Health, data was gathered on the prevalence of mental health disorders in 14 countries around the world. The results of these surveys conclude that mental health disorders are more prevalent than any other chronic illnessRead MoreThe Rationale Of Mental Disorders1255 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rationale Mental disorders are extremely taboo, mostly when you talk about its occurrence among youth. Many people avoid the subject because they are scared or because they just don’t believe they are real illnesses. When you add a possible relation with technology use, you lose your audience. Not only ill people don’t believe the correlation between the extreme use of technology and their sickness, they deny it because they are addicted to it. I have decided to write a speech, because I wantedRead MoreSchizophrenia- Mental Disorder1002 Words   |  5 Pagesof his sophomore year when Ron Oelberg, my uncle, had the mental breakdown that forever changed his life. On an early, extremely cold winter morning in northern Iowa, Ron walked out of the farm house in only his underwear, through the large cornfield, and down to the Yellow River that was frozen over with a thin layer of ice. Luckily, his parents caught him in time before he had fallen through the thin ice. Ron was soon rushed to a mental institution where he was observed by psychiatrists that laterRead MoreSymptoms Of A Mental Disorder1519 Words   |  7 PagesSchizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder which affects a persons’ thoughts, feelings, and behavior. 1.1% of the worlds’ population suffers from Schizophrenia making it one of the main causes of disability. No matter what race, age, or gender everyone with this mental illness is affected in the sa me way. There are several factors that cause disability in everyday life. For example, seeing or imagining things that don’t exist, hearing voices, feeling threatened by people or things, etc. This literature

Cancer The Master Of Disguise Essay - 1122 Words

Cancer: The Master of Disguise Cancer, the second leading cause of death in the United States. It claims thousands of lives every day. From young to old, cancer does not discriminate by age, sex, race nor religion. By definition, cancer is abnormal multiplication of cells that spreads into surrounding tissues. It can also start anywhere in the human body. Most cancers actually start as tumors, which is a tissue mass that serves no purpose. Some people have no symptoms, and they usually do not find out until it is too late for effective treatment. I will be covering the possible causes, symptoms, different types of cancer, as well as ways of diagnosing, staging, treatments, side effects of treatments, and research foundations. With a little bit of an insight on life during and after diagnosis and recovery. Scientists really do not know everything that actually causes cancer. There can be genetic, environmental, and life-style factors that contribute to this disease. Lung cancers are linked to smoking, asbestos, radon gas, even genetic predisposition (example: where relatives smoking/non-smoking develop lung cancer even though you did not.) The American Cancer Society suggested that there is a link between nutrition and cancer, and suggest regular activity and living a healthy lifestyle, along with dietary suggestions. While some cancers are caused by infections, take for example, cervical cancer, it is caused in most cases by HPV or human papillomavirus, which is a sexuallyShow MoreRelatedCancer : The Master Of Disguise Essay1882 Words   |  8 PagesCancer: The Master of Disguise Cancer, the second leading cause of death in the United States. It claims thousands of lives every day. From young to old, cancer does not discriminate by age, sex, race nor religion. By definition, cancer is abnormal multiplication of cells that spreads into surrounding tissues. It can also start anywhere in the human body. Most cancers actually start as tumors, which is a tissue mass that serves no purpose. Some people have no symptoms, and they usually do not findRead MoreRupert Murdoch : The King Of Convergence And The Master Of Manipulation Essay1582 Words   |  7 Pagesall over the world. Murdoch controls two thirds of the newspaper markets in Australis, has a large share of British media, and has broadcast networks all over America Europe and Asia (Beder, 2012). I argue that he is the king of convergence and the master of manipulation. Murdoch serves as the perfect example for illustrating the effects of cooperate media elites pollution of the public sphere. An example of elites shaping media occurred in 1998. ABC News was set to air a story addressing how DisneylandRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Argo 1119 Words   |  5 Pages Argo is a 2012 film directed by Ben Affleck that is based on the events of the Iranian hostage crisis of 1979-1981. The film uses variations from Tony Mendez’s novel The Master of Disguise, who was a U.S. CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) operative, and as well as the 2007 magazine article from Wired by Joshuah Bearman. The movie follows the events that led up to the Iranian hostage crisis where on November 4th, 1979 more than sixty Americans were taken hostage in the United State Embassy in TehranRead MoreEssay on Does God Protect Us1632 Words   |  7 Pagesa letter that was sent to his friend who was suffering with cancer to demonstrate bad theology. The Christian women said in the letter that it was God’s will that he shall be miraculously healed, all he had to do was believe. If he was not h ealed, she implied it would be his own fault. She assumed that God controls all events, she had to create a justification for God’s apparent inaction in this case. In response to the letter the cancer patient refuted the idea that his faith had any direct affectRead MoreEvaluation Of Handgun Safety Among The Clinic s Clients2178 Words   |  9 Pagesattention to firearm safety at first and they perhaps would take some further steps to learn more about this issue by themselves. The questionnaire method, however, may obtain an incomplete or even false result. It is highly possible that dishonesty and disguise happens when the clients answer private questions like these. What’s more, the final impact of this program that tries to facilitate the discussion of firearm safety is not substantial enough. It doesn’t offer either information of how firearm causesRead MoreA Thousand Acres By William Shakespeare2620 Words   |  11 Pageshand in marriage. Cordelia accept s this proposal, and hesitantly leaves Lear with her two cunning sisters. Kent, banished by Lear for supporting Cordelia, remains to try to protect the ignorant King from the evils of his two remaining children. He disguises himself and assumes a job as Lear s servant. Now that Lear has turned over all his wealth to Regan and Goneril, their behaviour towards him change dramatically. Lear and his few confidantes go to live with Goneril, but she treats him like any ordinaryRead MoreTraditional Cherokee Medicine And The American Culture1939 Words   |  8 Pagesfunction (The Traditional Belief System,†n.d.). Cherokee healers are referred to as a medicine man or herbalist. Traditional Cherokee healing training takes 5 to 20 years as an apprentice to a well established medicine man. A medicine man must master six areas of knowledge: herbal medicine, physical medicine, dreamwork, language/myths/laws, the laws of nature, and conjuring (Winston, 2001). Prior to medicine men, the Cherokee elected ritual specialists called Priests. A Priests role is to helpRead MoreEssay about A Shark in the Mind of One Contemplating Wilderness2096 Words   |  9 PagesWilderness by Terry Tempest Williams Terry Tempest William’s written essay, â€Å"A Shark in the Mind of One Contemplating Wilderness,† delivers to us, with intended purpose using shocking truths of greed and destruction. Actions took under the cloak and disguise of the needs of civilization, creating more jobs, or even to boost the rich man’s governmental legacy of our badly raped and abused national economy. How continued acts of greed and wanton disregard for the environment, are endangering nature theRead More The Distinguished Works of the Preeminent Black Author, Ralph Ellison2059 Words   |  9 Pagescontinued to write short stories and in 1964, Shadow and Act was published assembling these short stories. In 1986, Going To The Territory, another compilation of essays, was published (Kennedy and Gioia). On April 16, 1994, Ralph Waldo Ellison died from cancer in his home in New York City. Subsequent collections of Ellisons work were published posthumously including The Collected Essays of Ralp h Ellison in 1995 and Flying Home and Other Stories in 1996. Ellisons final novel, Juneteenth, which was nearRead MoreFinal Study Guide for Livanis Intl 1101 Essay3736 Words   |  15 Pages Triumph of liberalism? - Convergence of political cultures? Triumph of Western individualism? - Or greater divergence and even conflict? Ethnicity - High ethnic solidarity: willing to redistribute resources within the group - No â€Å"master list†; what differentiates groups in one place may not be important in another - Example: in Serbia, common language and culture, but religion divides (Hutu and Tutsi) - Ethnicity as a â€Å"social construction†Ã¢â‚¬â€not inherently political Ethnic

Comparing Mistaken Identity in Merchant of Venice, Comedy...

Mistaken Identity in Merchant of Venice, Comedy of Errors, Twelfth Night and As You Like It The ploy of mistaken identity as a plot device in writing comedies dates back at least to the times of the Greeks and Romans in the writings of Menander and Plautus. Shakespeare borrowed the device they introduced and developed it into a fine art as a means of expressing theme as well as furthering comic relief in his works. Shakespeares artistic development is clearly shown in the four comedies The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and Measure for Measure where he manages to take the germinal idea of mistaken identity and expand it to peaks its originators never fathomed. In Shakespeares first comedy, The†¦show more content†¦Disguise is one of Shakespeares favorite ploys found in varying degrees in each of the mentioned works. Through it he alters the identity of an individual (frequently female character, though not always) and uses this disguise to heighten irony, develop theme, and enhance subtle comic innuendo. In As You Like It, Shakespeare develops specific ironies where the dialogue takes on new meaning when the true identity of the speaker (or hearer) is placed over the dialogue. By having characters in disguise, Shakespeare opens the door for all kinds of comic twists from the shepherdess in love with the shepherd Ganymede who is really a girl (Rosalind) to Orlando sharing feelings of love to Ganymede who is really Orlandos love Rosalind in disguise. The difficulty in maintaining a disguise or hidden identity is shown in the desire to say and experience things in the one identity than can only be accomplished by the alter identity w hich compounds the verbal comedy in the mistaken meanings of what is being said. In Measure for Measure, the Duke uses disguise and mistaken identity to reveal the truth about Angelos character. At the same time this disguise provides comic moments as Lucio speaks of the Duke to the Duke while unaware of the Dukes identity. In Twelfth Night Shakespeare

Narrative Frames and Interpretive Models in Troilus and...

Narrative Frames and Interpretive Models in Troilus and Criseyde Interpretive certainty is purposely elusive in Geoffrey Chaucers Troilus and Criseyde. Meaning within the text is convoluted and continually renegotiated. Any attempt to design a singular coherent stable source of meaning is problematic at best. Throughout the work, narrative frames are broken and reordered and the validity of any fixed interpretive model is challenged. Virtually every broad thematic discussion developed is potentially qualified or compromised by the presence of a key figure, the narrator of the poem. As an ever-present observer, the narrator is both author and audience to a sequence of events he essentially helps to create. He is†¦show more content†¦The personality of the narrator is foregrounded and exists as a character engaged in an open dialogue with the reader. The narrator is thoroughly unreliable in his ability to serve as the sole source of information and insight, a figure possessing absolute control of the text. The authority of the narrator is p aradoxically undermined and underscored by admission of his own inadequacies in shaping the text. Whether from mythological beings, ancient writers, a fictitious mentor, or the actual reader of the poem, the narrator claims to need support from outside sources in order to effectively tell the tale. The narrator portrays himself alternately as reluctant, ignorant, or simply incapable of fulfilling his duties. He invokes the powers of the Furies, Cleo, Venus, and the Fates at the beginning of each book to inspire and enhance his narrative skills. The invocations not only serve as symbolic bridges to the actions that follow in each book, but also allow the possibility of distance to develop between the narrator and his creative responsibility to the work. By invoking the gods, the narrator could be seen as an intermediary, a conduit, a pawn, rather than an active participant. The narrator does not, however, wish to completely shirk his creative contribution to the text. Instead, he attempts to qualify it. He likens his skill

Chapter 10 is a chapter that attempts to discus Free Essays

Chapter 10 is a chapter that attempts to discus the seemingly ambiguous concept of equality. It contains a discussion of how equality is realized in law, public policy, and society in general. Furthermore, the discussion focuses on the three different conceptualizations of equality. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 10 is a chapter that attempts to discus or any similar topic only for you Order Now These are equality under the law, equality of opportunity, and equality of material well-being. The main argument of this chapter is that equality of material well-being has emerged as the dominating factor in the formulation of policies. In order to prove his point, the author discusses each of the conceptualizations and how they are related to each other. The chapter contains a lengthy discussion of equality under the law. It discusses how the laws of a society must disregard various categorizations and consider people as individuals. Basically, this is the backbone of equality as perceived by many. It is with this conceptualization that the evil of inequality such as racism, sexism, homophobia and others are commonly argued with. Furthermore, the author discusses how equality under the law or the lack of it has been demonstrated in U.S history. The author recounts the discrimination that different groups have received and he identifies the presumably dominant group as being white, male, and predominantly Protestant. He argues that it is such group that has used the law in order to maintain its dominance and keep other groups subordinated. The author further argued that equality of opportunity and equality of material well-being are inseparable and dependent on each other. It is because opportunities to rise in the ranks of social mobility are dependent on the resources that one has. The author paralleled the evolution of the conceptualization of equality to the various stages that the civil rights movement has undergone. In its earliest days, the focus of the movement was on eradication of laws that subordinated African-Americans. In other words, this referred to attacks on denials of equality under the law. In the second stage, the civil rights movement focused on fighting for equal access to values and facilities that are supposed to be available to the general public. This constituted their battle for equality of opportunity. Now, the movement is in its third stage, the battle for proportional equality or equality of material well-being. To demonstrate how the focus shifted to proportional equality, the author recounted the laws that were deemed to be in support of the achievement of equality such as the fourteenth amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. These laws were used to generate policies that meant to end inequality on various fronts specifically education and employment. For instance, the fourteenth amendment led to the end of segregation in public schools. On the other hand, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 led to the creation of EEOC which pressed for ending discrimination in terms of employment opportunities. Having read the chapter, it is my view that equality, in all of its three conceptualizations, is all one and the same. Having one means having the others. The achievement of such cannot be the sole responsibility of the government or the law. It requires the concerted effort of the whole society. I agree with the author that today, the battle for equality has shifted to the battle for proportional equality. The achievement of such indeed reflects the fulfillment and realization of the two other conceptualizations. Equality must not only be reflected in the law. It does not only favor those who have long been discriminated. Equality is the right of everyone. Thus, every member of society must make an effort towards the realization of it. How to cite Chapter 10 is a chapter that attempts to discus, Essay examples

Amandla! A Revolution in Four Part Harmony Essay Example For Students

Amandla! A Revolution in Four Part Harmony Essay Abdullah Ibrahim effectively communicates the central thesis of â€Å"Amandla† when he offers â€Å"The thing that saved us was the music; so the music wasn’t actually what we call liberation music, it was part of liberating ourselves. † Essentially, Amandla uses first hand accounts of various South African citizens to explain the effectiveness and necessity of music during the period of an aggressive set of racist laws introduced in South Africa in 1948 known as Apartheid. Amandla begins with a rather grim scene of the family of Vuyisile Mini exhuming his remains from his burial site. Mini, remembered for his terrific bass voice, was one of the leaders of the liberation movement and ultimately a martyr, as he was hanged by the South African government. Additionally, local artists also recall the period of forced relocation to a government site known as Meadowlands. The natives would use a song written by Mini, â€Å"Watch out Verwoerd† to â€Å"really make the whites mad. Verwoerd was the Prime Minister of South Africa; often referred to as the father of Apartheid. The massacre of peaceful protestors in Sharpeville is also reflected upon while juxtaposed with the beautiful melody of some of the native’s rallying for liberation. It’s made clear that Nelson Mandela’s imprisonment was a massive blow to the liberation movement, creating a â€Å"blanket fear† among those fighting so vigorously for equality. Although the movement had suffered major setbacks, music continued to provide a driving force and sense of commonality. Even when staring death in the face, those only days and weeks away from making their way to the gallows found solace in song, including Mini. The 1980’s saw a shift in the tactics of the liberation regime. The shift was one from those of unsuccessful peaceful protests to a swift and discrete militarization of South African youths. The songs began to reflect this shift, they began to â€Å"articulate a new urgency. † Toyi Toyi, a new type of song and dance, became a common practice while training South African youths for war. The eventual dissolution of the apartheid regime is chronicled along with Mandela’s release from imprisonment in 1990. Those that gave their life to the liberation cause are remembered and celebrated at the film’s conclusion, including Mini. The contribution that Amandla! makes to our study of World Cities cannot be understated. Paramount to gaining an understanding of cultures we’re unfamiliar of is gaining an understand of their struggle. Amandla! akes an in depth look at the apartheid system in South Africa through a unique lens that truly captures an important aspect of South African culture: music. Although we can label maps of n and create spreadsheets of data, we can’t understand the more abstract and intangible qualities of a people without physically exposing ourselves to it. Ultimately, I think Amandla! is meant to illustrate the hardship these people overcame using song as vehicle for unity and commonality. If I were to recommend two additional films that could possibly replace Amandla! , the first film I would choose would be Invictus, which was released in 2009. Invictus was directed by Clint Eastwood and chronicles Nelson Mandelas attempt to unite a post-apartheid South Africa by supporting a common Rugby team, the Springboks. What makes this a difficult task is the lingering tension between the races and the fact that the Springboks are a mostly white team. Additionally, I would select Catch a Fire, directed by Phillip Noyce. This film takes a realistic look at the quest for redemption of a young anti-apartheid activist after his family is tortured by the police. Ultimately Patrick, the protagonist, realizes that forgiveness is the only true way to redeem himself and his family.

Assistive Technology Health and Social Care

Questions: 1.1 Explain how technology can be used to support users of health and social care services in living independently 1.2 Analyse barriers to the use of technology to support users of health and social care services in living independently 1.3 Explain the benefits of these technologies to health and social care organisations and their users 2.1 Explain health and safety considerations in the use of technologies in health and social care 2.2 Discuss ethical considerations in the use of technologies in health and social care 2.3 Explain the impact of recent and emerging technological developments on health and social services, organisations and care workers 3.1 Identify the specific needs of an individual requiring support to live independently 3.2 Make recommendations for how technologies might support the independent living arrangements 3.3 Evaluate the usefulness of technology for users off health and social care services Answers: Introduction Supportive independent living Independent living implies that people with disabilities enjoy the same freedom, choice, dignity and control as people without disabilities do at home, at work, and in the community. It means living on ones own or by oneself or fending for oneself while exercising rights as citizens to practical assistance and support from the state to participate in society and live an ordinary or near normal life. The seven needs of independent living are as follows: Peer support Personal Assistance Housing Technology Access Information Transport Techno Aid is a company that specialises in technology that can be of help to individuals who need access to health and social care services and live independently. As more people access independent living funds and become employers of their own personal assistances, the balance is shifting from dependency towards independence. 1.1 Assistive Technology is defined in the Technology-Related Assistance Act (Tech Act) as "any item piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities" (Tech Act, 1988). Assistive technology can be made at home and custom designed for an individual, purchased at a local store, or ordered out of a catalogue that is targeted toward people with disabilities and their families. The technology relevant to an individual can be high tech or low tech. Examples of low tech technology include ramps, switches, switch-operated toys, communication boards, car door openers, Dyce (non-skid material), preachers, roll-in showers, and Velcro. Some high tech examples are computers, software, extended keyboards, electronic communication devices, power wheelchairs, and van lifts for wheelchairs. Assistive technology cannot make the disability go away; but it can lessen the impact of the disability. (Moore, 1991). Assistive technology aims to provide independence and improve an individual's outlook on life. Besides, it can help students access education and enable adults to secure a job. Individuals with disabilities can become an integral part of the community and engage in pursuits like education, leisure activities and work - with the appropriate technology. However, assistive technology is not without its problems or barriers. Many times the devices that are needed are very expensive and resources are not readily available; or the equipment is purchased and no training or support system is in place to teach individual how to use it effectively; or the device simply breaks down and needs to be repaired (Moore, 1991). The three technology devices that can prove to be useful are sensor and alarm systems and Braille books for visually impaired people and power recliner wheelchairs for the disabled Tele care is used to describe sensors or detectors (for example movement, flood, gas, smoke or fall detectors) that automatically send a signal through a base unit connected to a telephone line to a care facility, community alarm or monitoring service which can call for assistance when it is needed. According to the Royal Commission on long term care, (1999) a person suffering from dementia is not required to press a button or dial a number to raise an alarm. For example, if a sensor detects gas, smoke, water or a fall, it can send a signal to a community alarm service automatically to be able to receive an appropriate response. The response could include providing reassurance, contacting an agreed key holder from the family, friend or caregiver to provide help, or if the need arises contacting the emergency services. A loud speaker on the alarm base unit allows the call center to communicate with the person. Irrespective of whether the affected individual is able to respond verbally or the distance of the individual from the loud speaker the service will send help. The invention of Louis Braille (1809-1852), who turned blind by accident at the age of three years, changed the world of reading and writing forever for the visually impaired. When Louis was 12 Charles Barbier while giving a talk at the school that Louis attended shared an invention called the night writing, a code that used 12 dots. The code allowed soldiers to share confidential information on the war field without the need to speak. But the code was not easy for the soldiers to learn, but not so for Louis. Louis reduced Barbiers 12 dots to 6, perfected the system by the time he was 15, and published the first Braille book ever in 1829. He continued to improvise and by 1837 he was able to add symbols for music and math. Acceptance was slow so blind students had to study Braille on their own. Even at the royal institution, where Louis taught after he graduated, Braille was taught only after his death. Braille began to gain worldwide acceptance in 1868. A group of men from the Royal National Institute for the Blind took to the task of spreading its reach. Today every country uses Braille. Braille books help blind people receive education and Braille signs help to get around when they are outdoors. And most importantly blind people can communicate easily. The development of assistive technology has brought many possibilities for the visually impaired in the areas of education and employment. Through the use of other technology enabled devices, the blind and visually impaired can perform many day to day activities on their own particularly in reading and learning. An example of a need based innovation is the electronic battery operated wheelchair. The wheelchair is a complex piece of equipment that has been extensively engineered and studied. Most individuals with spinal cord injury become wheelchair experts because doing so increases their chances of getting a wheelchair that truly meets their need. 1.2 Analysis of barriers of the use of technology to support users of health and social care services in living independently The major barrier in use of technology by users living independently is the difficulty faced in choosing devices from available technology suitable for their specific needs. The following example illustrates how an elderly couple was helped in making the choice. The two key priorities for investment in tele care are prevention from falls and mental health services for older people. Other considerations were to use technology as a contributory factor in helping to avoid residential care and avoidable hospital admissions. The following example clarifies the point. Mr and Mrs B, an elderly couple lived within a sheltered housing scheme for years. Mr B has been his wifes carer for ever since she was diagnosed with Parkinsons disease. Mrs Bs mobility has steadily deteriorated over years, so has her memory. Mr B has found it difficult to care for his wife and many of his and her social life has been put on hold. Mr B was becoming uncomfortable at the thought of leaving his wife for even small periods of time for fear of her safety. As a result of this he was compelled to feel isolated, and had little opportunity to socialise. Even though living in a sheltered accommodation which was well equipped with emergency pull cords and access to pendant ala rms, Mrs Bs memory problems were such that she was not able to use them. In order to measure the risks Mrs B was helped to complete a questionnaire and she was examined by an occupational therapist. It was identified that Mrs B was at a high risk of falling, particularly while trying to rise from her chair on her own. All available options were discussed, and the assistive technology advised was the use of a fall detector. This device is worn on the waist band of a skirt, trousers or in a specially designed pouch depending on the choice of apparel. 1.3 Explanation of the benefit of available technology to health and social care organisations and their users. The benefits of using assistive technology are evident in the way their use transforms the lives of the users and their families. A general sense of independence and well being is enhanced. The Fall Detector was particularly beneficial to Mrs B as it did not require any input from the user. If Mrs B fell, the detector would sense the tilt of her body, and this would set off the alarm automatically at the call centre. The call centre personnel would alert Mr B on his mobile telephone. After a trial of few months, Mr B was asked to give his feedback on the Fall Detector and whether it had made any difference to his insecurities about leaving his wife unattended even for short periods. His feedback said it all as he said it as brilliant, and added that I can go out, have a game of cards with friends, or go to the shops without worrying. If Mrs B does fall Mr B now feels confident and reassured since he can respond quickly in case of a fall. He says, it has given me real peace of mind. Mr B can now continue caring for his wife, without feeling socially bereft. Using tele care allows for actual improvements to the quality of support and helps them and their care givers to fe el safe, reassured, able to have a better grip over their day-to-day lives and minimise the risks that compromise independence. This strategy will ensure the consideration of Tele care throughout the customer pathway, from the earliest point of contact right through to complex, care-managed cases, with the aim of supporting people to maintain or improve on their level of independence and avoid hospital or residential/nursing care admissions. Electric powered indoor wheelchair (EPIC) is an electrically powered wheelchair to be used within the clients home. The client must have difficulty in walking or self-propelling in a manual wheelchair within the home. Adequate space is required for the wheelchair to move, including footplates and a suitable space with a power supply for charging the batteries overnight. The client must practically demonstrate they are able to independently and effectively control the wheelchair within the internal environment, taking into account impediments, hazards and/or risks. Braille books are available in many libraries (like the Library of Congress) and schools for the blind. The production of Braille books made use of metal plates. Characters were stamped on both sides of the paper where the dots on one side do not interfere with those on the other side. But now, computers have made the process of publishing Braille books easier. The text is typed into the computer and, with the help of a software program; it is translated automatically into Braille. The computer then transfers the output onto printed paper or metal plates as required. Braille reading helps blind people to socialise with people for example, going to restaurant with friends and finding a restaurant that has a braille menu book encourages the service user to select what he/she would like to eat and instills a sense of independence. 2.1 Explanation of health and safety considerations in use of technology in health and social care In the near future, propelled by the concept of internet of things, new homes, public and private, and all renovated social housing, will be fitted with the devices for care and medical services to be provided in real time via broadband from day one of occupation. A number of studies suggest that disintegrated and inaccessible clinical information raises the cost and lowers the quality of health care and compromises patient safety. Information technology has been proposed as an essential tool in solving these problems and promoting better health care. When used in social context and the area of care giving, technology contributes to supporting a better life, reinstating human dignity, right of self determination, inclusion, and caring. Thus the three technology equipment can be used by service users. The use of technology is agreed upon in collaboration with the user while deciding the user plan. For example, an elderly woman living on her own was suggested the use of wheel chair for her independence and the alarm for her safety. Because she is an elderly person, the chosen technology must be easy to use and suit her lifestyle and health condition. The disadvantages and the risk related to its use should be assessed, and information about how to use should be provided in user friendly formats. Within the health and social care sectors, there is huge potential for information technology (IT) to support practice with greater safety. Several things can go wrong if information is incomplete or incorrect or if glitches in the system interfere with critical processes such as prescribing medication. The use of safety standards for IT required in health and social care should ensure that risks are identified in real time a nd can then be nullified before the product actually used. Organisations that purchase and use IT enabled systems are advised to take measures that understand system risks and take suitable action, such as staff training, to ensure that systems are operated safely while implementing the service.. 2.2 Ethical considerations in use of technologies in health and social care. Equipment may be provided to help the individual at their residence and customized to meet their specific needs. It can be as simple as the basic alarm system base on sensors and able to respond in case of an emergency and provide constant support via telephone (Department of Health, 2005). Tele care can also be used in a preventative manner for keeping track of an individuals health parameters or general wellbeing (for example, by using sensors on the bed programmed to record the number of times a person leaves the bed during the course of one night). The technology involved in tele care services has been used for many years to give care to older people, usually in the form of pendant alarms. This technology has great potential to benefit people by boosting their confidence and assisting them to remain independent bur cared for in their own homes. By monitoring peoples safety, technology can also ease the lives of friends and family care givers so they can perform the task of givinging social support. It is important that giving care through assistive technology does not threaten their right to privacy. Deciding on the choice of type of technology used is critical and should suit the needs of the elderly and disabled. One needs to be alert against misuse or unintentional leaks of personal information. Oversight in these aspects could compromise people's privacy, autonomy and wellbeing. A careful assessment of risks can be balanced by taking care at the time of installation. Consent of patients with dementia should be taken before installation so that they are included in decision making. Practice points for an ethical approach to tele care Pre-installation phase: The principal ethical concern during the pre- installation phase is that services should be customized to suit individual needs and that when considering appropriate tele care the risks of the person coming to harm should be balanced against their right to autonomy and participation. Post-installation phase the main ethical concern during the post-installation phase is that tele care information should be collected for a positive purpose and with the consent of the person concerned and desired safety mechanism should be applied. The risks of invading individual privacy should be balanced against independence. For example, an elderly man lives in a shared residential home and has his own flat where he can cook for himself and be independent. He has lived alone since his wife past away 15 years ago. He does not allow anyone else to cook for him. Because his age is advanced, he was advised to use the tele care alarm to monitor his safety and health. The cost of the alarm is not high for the government. Ever since he has the alarm his care plan has been changed and he can now receive meals on wheels food. He now has the confidence and is not frightened anymore. However, this situation is not limited to tele care commissioning and provision. Practitioners are well accustomed to balancing the risks and conflict between meeting policy aspirations and dealing with the realities of frontline practice. 2.3 The impact of recent and emerging technological developments on health and social care services, organisations and care worker There is evidence that new technologies can improve the quality of care processes by improving communication, applying standard processes, and enhancing workflow, when used in conjunction with existing care rather than as a substitution. For example, a survey of GP practices in countries such as Australia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the US have found that health systems that promote new technologies and information system based infrastructure are better able to address care coordination and patient safety issues and maintain the satisfaction of GPs. In England, researchers studied how electronic patient records influenced the way staff members interact with each other during critical care ward rounds compared with paper based records. Upon analysis of videos, general observation and interviews, they found that it was difficult for the ward round team to interact with each other using the electronic record as compared to paper records. The ph ysical setup of the technology was an impediment for consultants when leading the ward round and prevented other clinical staff from contributing to discussions. There are numerous examples of the benefits of new technologies. A literature review found that information technology supported a systematic approach to diabetes management in general practice. New information technologies have been used to support patients, enhance changes in healthcare delivery and provide clinicians with access to expertise and data about individual patients and populations. Such technologies have been associated with improved diabetes symptoms and enhanced tracing of risk factors. There is sufficient evidence that introducing new technologies can make a significant difference to the quality and safety of care. For instance, proactive tele- care assisted by decision support software has been found to improve clinical outcomes or reduce symptoms in people with depression, heart disease, diabetes, asthma and the frail elderly, amongst others. Similarly, telemedicine based consultations have been available for some years and more recently diagnostic services such as pathology and radiology are beginning to embrace this new technology. Tele radiology and tele- pathology allow medical services to be delivered across vast distances, including across national and international boundaries and facilitate patient recuperation at home. Using technology in this way can be particularly valuable in remote communities where transporting patients and medical practitioners is difficult. Practitioners other than doctors deliver much of the healthcare in rural communities, so it has been suggested that it is essential to ensure that nurses and support staff are IT-enabled and technologically savvy. On the positive side, new technologies have an impact on how staff can be trained and updated. Examples include simulation technology, accessing information via handheld devices, interactive DVDs and onli ne training. Literature suggests that nurses and allied professionals think that computer skills should be taught as part of the undergraduate curriculum or as basic training and that staff is willing to undertake web based learning for continuing professional development in this area. Other useful training requirements include information literacy, privacy and security of health information, and techniques for identifying and adopting new technologies. In the NHS, assessing and training teams in technical skills may be a priority. Research suggests that cell phone applications can significantly reduce the cost of treating young people with severe asthma due to more frequent communication between patients and their medical teams, and by motivating patients to become more engaged and knowledgeable about their care. 3.1 An identification of the specific needs of an individual requiring support to live independently. A spinal cord injury (SCI) may cause a loss of movement and feeling below the site of injury. One can suffer from a spinal cord injury due to trauma, such as a car accident or a fall. Spinal cord injuries are either complete or incomplete. It results in no feeling or movement below the site of the injury. Partial injury allows some feeling and movement. People with spinal cord injuries also may have other problems, such as not being able to control urination and bowel movements. When spinal cords are injured in the neck often need devices to help them breathe. Therefore each client must be assessed as an individual, because no two clients are the same. Customised help is usually required to suit the needs of each patient. Electric wheelchairs are designed for an independent life and can be fitted with a host of drive bases, adjustable seating systems and expandable control systems. With spinal cord injuries (spinal cord injuries), there is a general set of clinical expectations based on where the injuries occurred. But in reality, patients with spinal cord injuries, even those with injuries in the same location, can have significantly different problem sets. And for clients with injuries at the fifth or sixth cervical vertebra the differences from client to client can be even greater. For these clients, electric wheelchairs custom fit to their required specifications can offer independent mobility indoors and outdoors. In addition the client should also have the ability to pronate his/her wrist as well as extend it and complete a tenodesis pattern passive thumb adduction on the index finger during active wrist extension which can also lead to a better, stronger push on the rear wheels. C6 injuries, if complete, typically result in lack of finger movement, wrist flexion and elbow extension, but good control of elbow flexion and wrist extension. The mobility requirements determine the many practical activities and tasks that need to be carried out every day. The tasks they will perform at work need to be considered. Whether they have to carry items, and whether they can push and do this at the same time. Everyday tasks, such as grocery shopping, visiting the bank, getting hair done, eating out, should be considered while making equipment choices.. 3.2 Recommendation for how technologies might support the independent living arrangements. The use of power wheel chair is the best for patient for in and out door mobility besides ability to move around in the environment. How to use it in residential homes can be learnt through staff support. It facilitates lot of changes in care environment and gives the client the autonomy to move about in the environment they are living in. The client gets trained in how to use the technology device through the mass controller. People need a power wheel chair as repositioning device to aid in prevention of pressure sores. Some manufacturers produce 140- 180 degree power seat which is helpful for people with certain medical conditions. When it comes to recommendation a battery powered wheel chair can be the best when discussing options with therapist through assessment of individual needs. Some wheel chairs are equipped with a power leg where you can move your leg and also power seat elevation, this will help client to facilitate in doing things they are used to do for example cooking in the kitchen. A power chair can provide power seating functions that can ensure independence with pressure reliefs. Clinicians and providers may have to consider recommending changes to seating and mobility equipment decisions as a clients medical condition changes. There are many changes that occur over a lifetime that can result in a change in recommendation. Some of these include changes in the patients functional level, either continued recovery or a functional decline; changes in shoulder, elbow or finger range of motion, development of upper-extremity pain, change in daily routine or activities, change in life plan and, therefore, mobility goals, etc. The power chair is a vehicle to get to a destination and maintaining independence across all aspects of life. 3.3 An evaluation of the usefulness of technology for users of health and social care services. The patients choices should be considered. It is very important to actively involve the patient in the evaluation process and have an open discussion/interview regarding their expectations about mobility goals. If they have a desire to drive, how would they like to do that? What kind of vehicle are they hoping to obtain? If they would like to travel, where would they like to go? How will they be getting there? During evaluations consideration of what clinically related changes could be anticipated need to be taken into account. Power assist functions require a very careful assessment, as while the wheels add power and distance covered, there is a safety issue of control of the wheels and wheelchair, which requires upper-extremity fine motor coordination and control. Talking with patients when they are having trouble accepting power mobility and helping them to understand the consequences of their decision can be undeniably difficult and time consuming. But Brown points out that these discussions are crucial to achieving a good outcome. Ultimately, the decision is up to the patient, and it is important that they feel that way. Pressuring them into something is not the answer. It could result in abandonment of the selected technology. It is important to fully understand the patients and/or the caregivers primary goals for the mobility device, related to all aspects of their life. Perhaps neither style of chair will make them independent with all of their mobility goals, but which type will check off the most items on their list in the safest and most efficient fashion? This decision is made on a completely individual basis. Although assistive technology increases independence and improves individuals life. It helps individual from different group such as elderly, young ones and adult. Assistive technology device are expensive and effective equipment. Tele care alarm, Power recliner chair and Braille books are assistive technology used for different individual groups in residential homes for their own independence. The use of (IT) information technology protects information from being leaked out or missing concerning confidentiality in health and social care sector in NHS. The main ethical consideration of tele care in residential homes for older people, protect them from danger. The impact of assistive technology of tele care improves clinical outcomes. The new assistive technology has been impacted that all staff needs to be trained before using any equipment at workplace in health and social care sector. Client with spinal cord injury used power wheel chair because is very effective and easy to move a bout for day to day activities in terms of independent, but is expensive. Similarly, for elderly patients depending on alarm systems of different kinds, technology may have to be regularly updated to suit their changing needs. New products that cater to specific requirements may have to be installed. Care givers need to be educated on the availability and suitability of such devices. According to Han, YY adopting new technology carefully is key to its success after considering all its pros and cons. Samore MH has cautioned against medical device related hazards to the patients. References Bahlman DT Johnson FC 2005, Using technology to improve and support: communication and workflow processes. AORN J vol 82, pp 56-73. 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