Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Article Critique - Essay Example According to the article, the effectiveness of the public relations in schools raises the persistence and achievement of students. The achievement of students is influenced by the involvement of parents in school, and the schools that encourage high level of involvement of parents perform better as compared to their counterparts. When parents remain unaware of the behavior of their children in school, they find it difficult to ensure whether their children are performing well in schools. With the involvement of parents in schools, the students feel responsible and the parents are able to keep track of the progress of the students in schools. Thus, an effective balance is created through public relations in schools. The author has used numerous secondary sources in order to add concreteness in the article. The author provides this information in the literature review part of the article and the sources of the information are also provided. Thus, it can be said that the information pro vided in the article can be relied upon and the sources used by the author are authentic. Schools that depends only on teachers are limited to the knowledge base that are brought by the teachers, however schools that utilize public relations and bring people from different aspects of the society in classrooms enrich the knowledge base of students. ... Parents from working-class or lower-class tend to turn over the responsibility for their children’s education to the school completely. The involvement of parents in schools may mobilize and create resources that are not generated otherwise. The resources like the knowledge of local traditions and customs that could be useful to students are held by the community and the faculty at schools may lack this knowledge. Therefore, by using public relations, schools can involve the representatives of the community in the system of education and enrich the education experience of the students. With the involvement in schools, parents would be able to understand what resources are necessary for the improvement of the education of their children thus parents would be able to help the schools in pooling the resources. The close contact of teachers with the families of the students will also help the teachers understand the background of the students and in this manner the teachers will b etter understand the students’ behavior. The article highlights one of the main issues with public relations in schools, that is, the power relations. The minority parents are not involved in the schools therefore they do not have their say with regard to the improvement of the educational system at schools. The opinion of the powerful parents is given more importance therefore their opinion dominates over the opinion of the minority parents. This is one of the problems with the public relations in schools. The article also highlights that schools do not provide opportunities for empowering students in the society. The traditional curriculum focuses mainly on the transmission of knowledge but not on development of the personality of the students. The public relations in schools can be

First Case of Forensic Dentistry in American Justice

First Case of Forensic Dentistry in American Justice Xavier Riaud Story of the first identification in forensic dentistry endorsed by the American justice Summary: In 1849, Webster killed Parkman. The latter’s body had never been found but his dental prostheses had. Webster was arrested and was prosecuted for the murder. The analysis of the dental prostheses carried out by Parkman’s personal dentist, positively identified the aforementioned prostheses and which immediately condemned Webster to death. This was the first case of identification in forensic dentistry which was endorsed by American courts. Key Words : Forensic dentistry, history, justice. Georges Parkman was born in 1790. He studied medicine at Harvard Medical College in 1813. He travelled in Europe in search of knowledge and improvement [4]. It was a profoundly humanistic medicine that he discovered with the pioneers of medicine who devoted as much time to their patients’ well-being as to therapeutics, strictly speaking. Upon his arrival home, he undertook to put into practice everything that he learned on the old continent. However, in Boston, he came up against the medical lobby which did not want to disrupt its habits. Disappointed, he decided to distance himself with the medical world and took over his father’s business when the latter died in 1835. Parkman made a fortune in real estate and pawnbroking. He became an influential citizen in the life of the city of Boston. During almost 40 years, Parkman and Webster were colleagues at the Massachussetts Medical College. In 1849, Webster was a chemist professor who had been teaching there for 25 years. He got into debt with Parkman. He owed him the tidy sum of 2432 $. On November 23 1849, it was said that Parkman had come to see his colleague in his laboratory. Nobody saw him again. It was Ephraà ¯m Littlefield, the university attendant who found the remains of a body of stout build which was supposedly close to that of the businessman. On November 30, the police decided to carry out a search in Webster’s chemistry laboratory and discovered the remains of a human being’s dentures, gold and charred fragments. Webster was immediately arrested for murder. The trial started on March 19 1850 and lasted 12 days. Webster was sentenced to death. He was hung on August 30 1850. The victim’s identity was proved thanks to the body’s teeth. Indeed, during the trial, Parkman’s dentist, Dr Nathan C. Keep (1800-1875) and his assistant Dr Lester Noble, proved that two pieces of evidence, in this case a block of mineral teeth and a part of marked set, were the remains of dentures made and fitted by Keep himself [2]. Those two elements perfectly adapted to a plaster cast of the defunct’s mandible that the practitioner had kept in his office and on which could be read  «Dr Geo Parkman 1846 » written by Noble. The dentures were fitted on November 4 1846. A few days later, the practitioner had to grind down the part of the dentures which was close to the tongue in order to give it more space. This grinding left traces which did not leave any doubts as far as Parkman’s death was concerned. Here is Dr Nathan Cooley Keep’s deposition at John Webster’s trial [5]. â€Å"I am a dental-surgeon and I have been practicing this occupation for thirty years in this city. (†¦) I knew Dr Georges Parkman. I met him in 1825 when I was studying medicine with Dr John Randall. Dr Parkman was sick at that time and Dr Randall treated him. I also treated him several times at his place. In 1825, I became his favourite dentist and he often sought me for treatments or dental pieces of advise [5]. On December 3, Dr Lewis showed me mineral teeth while I had just returned home from a trip to Springfield. I immediately recognized the teeth that I had made for Parkman in 1846. (†¦) Parkman’s mouth was very special, so much so regarding its shape and junction between the top and bottom of his lower jaw that I remembered it really well. I remember all its characteristics. The making of his dentures was definitely unusual. When M. Parkman ordered his new teeth, he asked me how long it would take before he would receive them. I asked him why. He answered that the university of medicine was about to open and that for this particular occasion, there would be a ceremony during which he would be asked to deliver a speech.(†¦) That left me little time but I did my best to meet the deadlines. The distinctive identity of his mouth was so marked that I had to use all my knowledge of the matter. (†¦) As usual, I started by taking prints of the patient’s mouth. I got a perfect reproduction of his mouth by applying soft wax on a piece of iron to lower the jaw, then by pressing all this against his jaw until the wax was cold. The mould was thus ready. I oiled it and poured plaster inside. 10 minutes later, the plaster was hard and it allowed me to obtain a perfect reproduction of the dental arcades. The mould of the mandible showed four natural teeth and three residual roots. The next step was the making of metallic plates which fitted his gums on which I fixed new teeth. First, I made transitional plates that I tried myself. They were generally made in copper or in another soft metal by carrying out a metallic print that I applied with pressure thanks to plaster moulds. The copper which served to the making of those plates was placed between the moulds and sufficient pressure had to be carried out to acquire the negative of the plaster mould. Those plates were transposed in the mouth to have a try. If they fitted well, that meant that the mould was good and that the gold plates of the final devices could be made. (†¦) Dr Parkman had no natural tooth by the jawbone [5]. (†¦) Once the plates were tried, the gold plates were made and fitted in the patient’s mouth. As I had reproduced the two jaws separately, one should position them together in order to make sure whether they corresponded. For that purpose, I applied wax on the teeth and made the patient bite into it. Plaster was poured on the prints of the bitten part and thus, the moulds could be set up. (†¦) The meshing of the two jaws was very particular. The escape of the jawbone and the projection of the mandible was highly significant which resulted into an abnormally long chin. Then, teeth with the proper length were fixed on gold plates. These teeth as well as the fake gum were made in clay and were placed in moulds for them to cook and to set. (†¦) The shape of Parkman’s mouth made it very difficult. As for the device of the jawbone, the teeth were made in only one block which was cut into three parts at the level of the canines before the cooking. (†¦) Those three blocks adapted to only one plate. It was likewise for the upper part. The two sets were linked together with spiral springs allowing the patient to open and close his mouth and which kept the dentures from moving. The teeth were fixed to them thanks to platinum pins. Following an incident, my assistant and I had to start all over again. We only finished 30 minutes before the ceremony. † The hearing was asked to be adjourned following a fire alert in the prosecuter’s office. Very soon, the hearing resumed. â€Å"Not being sure that I had finished everything, I asked Dr Parkman to come back [5]. He complained of the fact that he did not have enough space for his tongue. I filed the inside of the dentures near the tongue in order to gain space. I also removed the pink of the gums and the enamel inside the teeth causing insignificant aesthetic damage. Very regularly, I saw my patient again to carry out the care and the needed repairing. The last time I saw him dated back to two weeks before his disappearance. He had broken a spring and had called late at night so that I could repair it. It was around 10 (†¦). I spent half an hour to recondition everything. It was the last I had seen him in my office. I left the town on November 28 and came back the following Monday. It was then that I heard about his disappearance. Upon my return, Dr Lewis showed me those three pieces of mineral teeth (referring to the fragments found in the oven) [5]. At first glance, I noticed the similarity with the work I had done for Dr Parkman. The most recognizable part was the right mandibular block. I recognized its shape and outline which oddly looked like that I had worked on for such a long time. Several other parts had been severely damaged by the fire. Therefore, I naturally fell back on the conception models of the said dentures. Comparing the best preserved piece, I did not have doubts anymore. It was definitely my patient. There was at least enough matter to be able to determine where the fragments came from. This one came from the upper right jaw, that one from the left and the third one from the central part of the same jaw. The lower left jaw was almost complete. The part which was hooked on it seemed to be the right part by deduction. This last piece came from the same dentures and the other parts corresponded to the remaining free space. Only a piece remained unidentified. It could have been the small piece of the front of the mandible. Thus, I identified the position of 5 pieces out of 6. Only one unknown piece remained. That gave us the 6 parts of the dentures. I also found the platinum teeth still hooked on the teeth. I also found gold fragments and tiny portions of bones more or less caught in the teeth. It was highly likely that the prostheses went in the oven when they were still in the defunct’s mouth. Mineral teeth thrown into the fire, but preserved in the mouth, are impregnated with humidity which quitely evaporates. If they had not been in his mouth and had been brutally thrown into the fire, they would have torn to shreds. Another fact which confirmed that they were in his mouth is that the springs would have propelled them everywhere had they not been confined. When we put the teeth back, the blocks were combined together like now. † To a question from a member of the jury, Dr Keep answered: â€Å"The handwriting featuring on Parkman’s moulds was written during the making of the dentures. Then, those moulds remained in my cellar. I mainly kept them in anticipation of resulting incidents during the making of the protheses [5].† His deposition finished this way:â€Å"Dr Parkman had no unitary teeth. As natural teeth, he only had a tooth and two roots on the left side and three teeth and a root on the right side. On the left, starting from the back, there first of all was two roots and a tooth (canine) and on the right, still starting from the back, the root (2nd premolar), then three teeth (1st premolar, canine, lateral incisive). (†¦)† Nathan Keep was born on December 23 in Longmeadow, in Massachussetts [2]. Gifted with his hands, he soon got interested in dentistry after being a local jeweller’s apprentice. In 1821, he went to Boston. In 1827, he graduated from Harvard Medical School. He practiced dentistry during 40 years. He was praised for his skills. In 1843, he graduated from Baltimore College of Dental Surgery and received the honorary titles of doctor in dental surgery. Keep invented numerous dental instruments and was one of the first to make porcelain teeth. Keep was also the first doctor to have used ether anesthesia for deliveries, notably on April 7 1847 during the birth of Fanny Longfellow’s daughter. He attended John Webster’s trial, Georges Parkman’s murderer. It was the first time that dental work served as evidence during a trial in the United States. In 1867, the first announcement of the creation of the Harvard Dental School was published. Nathan became its first dean which seemed natural given the unweary steps the dentist took to see the school opening its doors. Keep’s dream came true and thus, Harvard became the first dental school of the world evolving within a university. His decisions from an administrative point of view showed his admirable nature and his remarkable moral values. Robert T. Freeman was a Black man. He was one of the sons of a slave family. He postulated without success to many dental schools in order to study, he arrived in Boston and asked to meet Dean Keep. On Keep’s recommendation, Harvard University decided that colour or birth could not be an issue anymore regarding students’ admission. Therefore, Robert T. Freeman was accepted at the age of 22 and graduated in 1869. He was the first African American student to graduate from a dental school. Thus, Keep’s motto became â€Å"Justice and right above conveniences†. His action in Freeman’s case put forward his qualities as leader which significantly established an aura of morality and justice which still has an influence on the university [2]. Nathan Cooley Keep died in 1875. A statue pays tribute to his paramount role in the foundation of Harvard dental school. It is located in the gardens of the school. Fig. 1 Dr Nathan Cooley Keep (1800-1875) [3]. Fig. 2 A plaster cast of Dr Georges Parkman’s mandible (1846) [3]. Bibliography: [1] Campbell JM. Professor J. W. Webster eliminates Dr George Parkman. Dent. Mag. Oral Topics June 1958; 75(2): 73-80. [2] No author. Nathan Cooley Keep. 2006: 1-2. Available from: http://www.answers.com [3] No Author. Harvard Medical School. 1867 1870. Available from: www.countaway.harvard.edu [4] No Author. Murder at Harvard: people events (Dr Georges Parkman (1790-1849)). 1999-2003: 1-2. Available from: http://www.pbs.org [5] No Author. American experience – Murder at Harvard – Primary sources: Identifying evidence: false teeth. 1999-2003 : 1-6. Available from: http://www.pbs.org [6] Riaud X. Les dentistes dà ©tectives de l’histoire [The dentists, detectives of history]. Paris: L’Harmattan, Collection Mà ©decine à   travers les sià ¨cles [Medicine throughout centuries collection]; 2007.

Alexander The Greats Struggles :: essays research papers

Alexander The Great’s Struggles Alexander the Great was most likely the greatest leader ever. His tactics and reasoning are still studied all over the world even after 2,000 years ago. Being a teenager from a divorced family and forced to rule at such a young age intensely impacted Alexander’s Life. According to records, he was said to be a heavy drinker and because of his mother’s excessive praise, believed himself to be a god. His loyalty, ego, and ambitions are a few of his life struggles that are still scrutinized today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alexander was very loyal to his country and parents. When he was still a young teenager, his father gave him the task of ruling the small region of Pella. This allowed Alexander to prove to his father that he could be a competent ruler. When Alexander and his father, Philip, fought Macedonia, Philip was surrounded. Alexander bravely jumped in and saved his father from sure death. Alexander demonstrated loyalty to his mother by staying with her through her exile from Philip. This showed how much pulling and tugging went on to win Alexander’ favor that enviably killed Phillip by not knowing who to be loyal to. Upon their return three years later, Alexander’s mother requested to be allowed to rule with him, once Alexander became king. She knew that would be the only way she could regain power. When Alexander turned twenty, his father was brutally murdered by Alexander’s friend. This demonstrated once again how loyal Alexander was to his father, and how difficult a decision it was to pick sides between his father and mother.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alexander had a strong ego beginning at birth. Even from the cradle, his mother taught him that he was a god, so he grew up believing it was true. There were many reasons why Alexander’s mother believed him to be a god. When he was born, earthquakes shook the ground, there was a comet, two eagles perched, and lightning a temple and burned it to the ground. She believed those were signs from the gods. When Alexander was just a young buy, he went into the woods and killed a mountain lion with his bare hands to prove he was a god. This act convinced almost everyone that was Alexander indeed, was a god. Aristotle, his teacher for many years, said that Alexander had one of the greatest minds ever. He taught Alexander to trust no one and to learn how to be alone because one day, he would.

Ethics, Fairness, and Trust in Negotiations Essay

Discuss two of the following statements then respond to at least two of your classmates’ postings. Try to respond to students who picked different statements. * Discuss how skills in ethics, fairness, and trust can be a part of the negotiation process even though some negotiation tactics challenge those values. * Identify the Five Bases for Trust and explain why they are important in the negotiation process. Describe Kant’s Ethics of Principle and Mill’s Ethics of Consequences philosophies and discuss which theory you would be more incline to use in a negotiating situation. Kant’s and Mill’s philosophies are a means to identify ethical means to guide parties to a successful negotiation. They are two separate school of thoughts in ethics. Kant believes that moral rightness should overcome and minimize self-interest, feelings, or empirical fact. Kant’s moral principle is based on pure reason. He states that basic ethical principles aren’t â€Å"empirical† (from sense experience). Ethics gives necessary truths that hold for all rational beings. In other words feelings whether personal, rational or irrational or sentimental should not be involved in ethical reasoning. He believes that ethics based on reason is needed more than self-interest motivation because such motivation can lead to violation of duty. Such motives lessen our moral worth; the highest motive is to do our duty, not from ulterior motives, but just because it’s the right thing to do. Kant supreme moral principle is to act as if your action would become a universal law and to treat yourself and others as an end it itself not the means to an end (Gensler, 1998). On the other side, Mill’s philosophy is based on pure utilitarianism (self-interest). Utilitarianism says that the basic moral principle is that we should to do whatever promotes the greatest happiness of the greatest number. Mill equated happiness with pleasure. But not all pleasures have equal value; higher pleasures of the mind are better than lower pleasures of the body. Mill’s view is purely hedonistic in nature. The basic idea of his philosophy is that any intrinsic value is based on pleasure which equals  to happiness and we should all strive for it. There are however different values of pleasures in his view. The highest pleasures are more valuable than lower ones. For example, the pleasures of learning things and of helping others are more valuable than the pleasures of eating and drinking. We can decide which pleasures are more valuable by looking to the consensus of experienced observers. Utilitarianism says that actions are right if they promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number. This is the basic principle of ethics of Mill’s philosophy, and the foundation of morality. In applying the principle, the happiness of everyone is equal. We should all strive for our own individual happiness. So, as a group, we try to obtain the happiness of all in the group and this is the basic foundation of the utilitarian principle (Gensler, 1998). The two individual principles are equality attractive in the negotiation process and I can see the benefits of both of them. However, I believe that Kant had the right idea. If we are using either idea as a guide in the negotiation it is best to go for a more moralistic point of view than utilitarianism. I believe when we only think of self interests we lose sight of the true objective and purpose of the negotiation. Source Gensler, H.J. (1998). Ethics: A Contemporary Introduction. London and New York: Routledge. Retrieve online at http://www.jcu.edu/philosophy/gensler/index.htm. Discuss the Functionalist Model, Mutual Trust Principle, and the test for meeting procedural fairness of a negotiation. The Functionalist Model is about procedural fairness in a negotiation. The model refers to the bargaining as a voluntary process and the purpose is to reach an agreement. Also, the concept of the model refers to behaviors that threaten reaching an agreement are also threats to the purpose of the negotiation. In this the negotiation process is adversarial and bargaining tricks and tactics are used to gain information and advantages (Carrell, 2008). The Mutual Trust Principle refers to the procedural fairness in trust building in a negotiation. The idea is to build trust early in the beginning of the negation process. In other word to treat others as you would want to be treated. Your actions speak louder than word has a lasting effect on how you are perceived and how you perceived others. The appropriate behaviors in this principle to build trust is exhibits the same trust worthy attitude when you are gathering information about the other party by asking friends, associates, and contacts. It is appropriate and expected that you would make an unrealistically opening demand and hide your real position. It would be appropriate and expected behavior that you give an open impression of non-adversarial and confrontational. The misrepresentation of facts and lying in a negotiation are inappropriate behaviors. To falsely threaten or promise things with no ability to deliver and use confidential information by bribery is unfair and inappropriate (Carrell, 2008). The test for meeting procedural fairness of a negotiation is to ask yourself the following standard questions: * Reciprocity standard—would you want to be treated in this way? * Universality standard—would you advise others to behave this way? * Publicity standard—would you like to see the actions in the press? * Trusted friend standard—would you tell your friend of your actions? * Legacy standard—do you want to be remembered for acting in this way? Source Carrell, M.R. & Heavrin, C. (2008). Negotiating essentials: Theory, skills, and practices. Upper Saddle, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN-10: 978-0-13-186866-3

“Eve’s Diary” by Mark Twain Essay

â€Å"Eve’s Diary† is a satirical account of the days in the Garden of Eden. Twain recounts the well-known tale of Genesis through a series of journal entries written by Adam and Eve; these personal accounts make for an entertaining and thought-provoking read. Twain’s personifications of gender stereotypes are easily identified but lead the reader into a further exploration of Twain’s deeper purpose. Twain’s writing style explicates the paradoxical relationship between men and women. Furthermore, Adam and Eve’s conflicting perspectives within the journal entries provide an illustration of their magnetic reliance on one another, despite their polar differences. The story begins with Eve on the day after her creation; Twain creates a tone of despair as Eve ponders her situation and existence. â€Å"That is what I AM-an experiment; just an experiment, and nothing more† (Twain 10). As Eve deducts that there must be a counterpart to her existence, her disposition abruptly changes from anguish to optimism. Through this character development, Twain portrays companionship as Eve’s salvation and furthermore, mocks the modern idea of the contingency of a woman’s survival on that of a man’s. Eve’s perception changes as abruptly as her disposition. Once her mind is at ease, she becomes conscious and appreciative of her surroundings. â€Å"This majestic new world is indeed a most noble and beautiful work. And certainly marvelously near to being perfect, notwithstanding the shortness of the time† (Twain 14). Twain uses Eve’s passionate and enthusiastic mentality as a personification of the model of femini nity according to nineteenth century stereotypes. The diction and timing of Adam’s introduction exaggerates Eve’s naivety and sets a precedent for Twain’s exploration of their paradoxical relationship.  Eve’s entry reads, â€Å"All the week I tagged around after him and tried to get acquainted. I had to do the talking, because he was shy, but I didn’t mind it. He seemed pleased to have me around, and I used the sociable ‘we’ a good deal, because it seemed to flatter him to be included† (Twain 35). Though it is told from Eve’s perspective, Twain wants the reader to negate Eve’s idealization when reading of her interactions with Adam. When one does so, Adam’s annoyance with Eve is apparent. In addition, Twain makes a considerable effort to portray Adam as haughty, cynical, and drastically unattached in comparison to Eve; Twain uses Adam as a personification of stereotypical conception of masculinity. â€Å"During the last day or two I have taken all the work of naming things off his hands, and this has been a great relief to him, for he has no gift in that line, and is evidently very grateful† (Twain 178). If interpreted in the manner Twain intended, it is clear that Adam has no concern with naming the creatures and is equally indifferent towards Eve. Twain develops these satirical personifications even further to serve two slightly less superficial purposes. Twain uses these conceptions to delve into the profound relationship between men and women but also to denounce them through his diction. Twain’s defiance begins with his decision to give Eve, a woman, the predominant voice in the narrative. He shows further disregard for popular opinion when he tells of the creation of fire. â€Å"I had created something that didn’t exist before; I had added a new thing to the world’s uncountable properties; I realized this, and was proud of my achievement, and was going to run and find him and tell him about it, thinking to raise myself in his esteem-but I reflected, and did not do it. No-he would not care for it† (Twain 67). Twain’s decision to credit such a pivotal aspect of human survival to a woman exhibits either an immense reverence for women or a severe distain for unoriginal thought. Regardless, Twain’s upheaval of the hierarchy of traditional Western gender roles transcends time and leaves the reader to contemplate the validity of gender roles. Ursula LeGuin, a published and renowned author of short stories herself, discusses the prevalence of personification of stereotypical gender roles  within _Adam and Eve’s Diary_. LeGuin argues that Twain’s personifications of gender stereotypes are the most important aspect of any literally analysis of works by Mark Twain (LeGuin 32). Deviating slightly from the focus of LeGuin’s analysis, the most important purpose of â€Å"Eve’s Diary† to be the paradoxical relationship between men and women. As the journal progresses, so does the connection between Adam and Eve. Although their differences remain vast, Adam and Eve demonstrate a dynamic reliance on one another. They compliment one another in a sense of discord; their stereotypical personas seem to become less obtrusive as they grow together. Through Eve, Adam is humbled and learns to be appreciative and observant of his surroundings. Adam has a similar effect on Eve; her interest in aesthetics diminishes and while she remains optimistic, she is not so dangerously naà ¯ve. The story digresses to forty years later, with Adam at Eve’s grave. Adam’s eulogy for his lifeless wife is ingeniously engineered to resonate with nearly every reader. He says, â€Å"Wheresoever she was, THERE was Eden† (Twain 129). Adam, and therefore the male gender collectively, possessed a magnetic dependence on Eve that was as involuntary as the polar differences between the two. Twain accomplished a feat that the laws of nature could not; through â€Å"Adam and Eve’s Diary,† Twain provides an unprecedented look into why men and women attract in circumstances that should naturally repel them from one another. Works Cited LeGuin, Ursula K. Introduction. The Diaries of Adam and Eve. By Mark Twain. New York: Oxford UP, 1996. XXXI-XLI. Twain, Mark. _Adam and Eve’s Diary_ â€Å"Eve’s Diary, Complete.† Project Gutenburg. 14 June 2004. PDF iBook.

How to Find the Draco Constellation

How to Find the Draco Constellation Draco is a long, winding constellation easily visible to northern hemisphere observers. Its one of those star patterns that actually does look somewhat like its name, tracing out the long body of an exotic dragon across the sky.   Finding Draco Constellation Locating Draco is pretty easy in clear, dark skies. The best way is to first locate the north star Polaris, or look for the Big Dipper or the Little Dipper. They are on either side of the long body of the celestial dragon. Its head is at one end, near the constellation Hercules and its tail is up near the bowl of the Big Dipper.   This chart shows Draco in relation to nearby constellations of Ursa MInor (the Little Dipper) and Hercules. Click to enlarge. Carolyn Collins Petersen Draco Constellation Mythology The ancient Greeks envisioned Draco as a serpent-dragon, which they called Ladon. They placed it close in the sky to the figure of Hercules. He was their mythical hero who, among many other notable actions, killed the dragon as one of his twelve labors.  Over the centuries, the Greeks spoke of Draco going after heroines, particularly the goddess Minerva, as well as his adventures as the son of the Titan Gaia. In contrast, the ancient Arabic astronomers saw this region of the sky as home to two hyenas attacking an infant camel who is part of a mother group of older camels. The Stars of Draco Constellation Draco has fourteen brighter stars that make up the body of the dragon, and many others that lie inside the official IAU-designated region for the constellation. Its brightest star is called Thuban, which was our north star at the time the ancient Egyptians were building their pyramids. In fact, the Egyptians angled certain passageways inside the pyramids to point directly at Thuban. Thuban existed in a region of the sky that they believed was a gateway to the afterlife.  Therefore, if the passageway pointed there, the soul of the pharaoh would have a direct pathway to his reward. The official IAU chart showing the region of the northern hemisphere sky that contains constellation Draco. IAU/Sky Publishing. Eventually, due to the procession of Earth on its axis, Thubans position in the sky changed. Today, Polaris is our north star, but Thuban will be the pole star again in about 21,000 years. Its name is derived from the Arabic term that means snake. This chart shows how Earths north pole precesses as Earth wobbles on its axis. The result is that the pole appears to point at different stars over the course of 26,000 years. Right now it points at Polaris, but in the past (and in the future) Thuban is a target. Based on a graphic provided by Tauolunga, via Wikimedia Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 license.   Thuban, also called ÃŽ ± Draconis, is a binary star system. The bright one we see is accompanied by a very faint star that orbits very close to its partner. The second-brightest star in Draco is called ÃŽ ² Draconis, with a familiar name of Rastaban. It is near the bright star ÃŽ ³ Draconis, which is also called Eltanin. Interestingly, Eltanin is actually the brightest star in Draco.   Deep-Sky Objects in Constellation Draco This region of the sky has a number of faint deep-sky objects that require binoculars or a telescope to see. One of the most famous is the Cats-Eye Nebula, also known as NGC 6543. Its a planetary nebula that lies about 3,000 light-years away from us and is the remains of a sun-like star that experienced its final death throes some 1,200 years ago. Before that, it gently blew off its material in a series of pulsations that formed concentric rings around the dying star.   The Cats Eye planetary nebula, as seen by Hubble Space Telescope. NASA/ESA/STScI The unusual shape of the nebula is due to the clouds of material blown away from the star by a fast stellar wind. It collides with material that was ejected earlier in the stars aging process. The cloud of material is mostly hydrogen and helium, mixed with other materials. Astronomers suspect there may have been a binary companion star involved, and interactions with it may have caused the complex structure we see in the nebula.   Viewing the Cats-Eye Nebula requires a good small- to medium-sized telescope, since its actually quite dim. The nebula was discovered by William Herschel in 1786 and has been observed by many professional astronomers using both ground-based instruments, the Hubble Space Telescope and the Chandra X-ray Observatory.   Observers with good telescopes can also spot several galaxies in Draco, as well as galaxy clusters and colliding galaxies. Its well worth a few evenings of exploration to ramble through Draco and spot these fascinating objects.

Cover Letter Mistakes 5 Words and Phrases to Delete from Your Cover Letter

Cover Letter Mistakes 5 Words and Phrases to Delete from Your Cover Letter Cover letters are not dead, and cover letter mistakes can still cost you a job to someone who does a better job in their letter. One easy way to write a strong cover letter is simply to avoid certain overused and ineffective words. Heres why you dont want to use 5 of these too-common words and phrases, and what some alternatives might be. Read till the end. I saved the best for last. 5 Cover Letter Mistakes to Avoid 1)   Using the word â€Å"hope.† Examples I hope to hear from you soon. OR I hope to be able to contribute my skills to ABC company. Why You Should Avoid this Cover Letter Mistake Hope springs eternal.  The company doesn’t care about your hopes and dreams.  They care about what you can do for them. Alternatives to Hope I look forward to speaking with you further regarding my qualifications. OR My ability to take clear, decisive action will allow me to make an impact at ABC company from day one. OK, now we’re talking! 2)   Saying you want to improve or hone your skills. Example I am excited to hone my programming skills at ABC company. Why You Should Avoid It Companies do not hire you in order to train you. They want someone who will make a contribution. Just like â€Å"Objective† statements stating what you want are no longer desirable on resumes, don’t tell a company in a cover letter what you want to get from them. Alternative to Avoid this Cover Letter Mistake I look forward to contributing my programming skills to the efforts of ABC company to make the web accessible to everyone. (No neediness here. So much better.) 3)   Saying you are â€Å"drawn† to a company. Example I am drawn to ABC company because of its outstanding reputation and high-quality service. Why You Should Avoid It You get drawn to a person across a crowded room.  Companies don’t care to hear that you are drawn to them.  And a bonus tip:  companies with outstanding reputations don’t need to be told that you want to work there because of their outstanding reputations. Who wouldn’t be drawn to those companies? Alternative for Drawn The relationship management skills I built while working in a state office are a match for ABC company’s commitment to outstanding customer service. (That’s so much better, isn’t it?) 4)   Talking about how you â€Å"feel.† Example I feel the relationship management skills I built while working in a state office are a match for ABC company’s commitment to outstanding customer service. Why You Should Avoid It Can you see how adding â€Å"I feel† at the beginning of this sentence killed it completely?  Tell a psychologist how you feel.  Tell a company what you can do for them.  If you must, use the word â€Å"believe† instead of â€Å"feel.†Ã‚  But see if you can avoid this type of language altogether. Alternative for Feel The relationship management skills I built while working in a state office are a match for ABC company’s commitment to outstanding customer service. 5)   Referring to â€Å"Your company.† The worst possible cover letter mistake is to write a generic cover letter. Never, ever, write a cover letter where you only refer to the name of the company when you say â€Å"I’m applying for a the position of X at ABC Company.† Use the name of the company multiple times throughout the letter. Don’t just use the name of the company. Tell them why you want to work specifically for them. Speak to their mission and values. Do you know someone who worked there? Have you used their products for 20 years? Don’t be afraid to get personal. That human touch could be the thing that gets you the job. Examples My father and greatest insurance mentor, J.B. Krankshaw, who was mentored by ABC Insurance founder L.B.J, had a phenomenal 40+-year record as an ABC Insurance agent. In my mind, Jimmy’s has differentiated itself, prompting me to become a full-fledged, app-carrying brand fan. I was one of their first consumers when they first opened in my town, and last year, I enthusiastically helped the XYZ Digital Marketing team win the Jimmy’s competition. Take these five tips to heart when you’re writing your next cover letter and you’ll avoid some common cover letter mistakes. Not only that, but I promise you that more creative and powerful language will show up, making your cover letter more effective than you ever thought it could be. Did you try it?   Share examples in the comments please! Are you struggling to craft a creatively worded cover letter that gets attention? Wed love to help! The Essay Expert offers entry-level, mid-level, and executive-level cover letter writing services.

Rodhocetus Facts and Figures

Rodhocetus Facts and Figures Name: Rodhocetus (Greek for Rodho whale); pronounced ROD-hoe-SEE-tuss Habitat: Shores of central Asia Historical Epoch: Early Eocene (47 million years ago) Size and Weight: Up to 10 feet long and 1,000 pounds Diet: Fish and squids Distinguishing Characteristics: Narrow snout; long hind legs About Rodhocetus Evolve the dog-like whale ancestor Pakicetus a few million years, and youll wind up with something like Rodhocetus: a larger, more streamlined, four-legged mammal that spent most of its time in the water rather than on land (though its splay-footed posture demonstrates that Rodhocetus was capable of walking, or at least dragging itself along on solid ground, for short periods of time). As further evidence of the increasingly marine lifestyle enjoyed by the prehistoric whales of the early Eocene epoch, the hip bones of Rodhocetus werent fully fused to its backbone, which endowed it with improved flexibility when swimming. Although its not as well-known as relatives like Ambulocetus (the walking whale) and the above-mentioned Pakicetus, Rodhocetus is one of the best-attested, and best-understood, Eocene whales in the fossil record. Two species of this mammal, R. kasrani and R. balochistanensis, have been discovered in Pakistan, the same general locality as most other early fossil whales (for reasons that still remain mysterious). R. balochistanensis, discovered in 2001, is especially interesting; its fragmented remains include a braincase, a five-fingered hand and a four-toed foot, as well as leg bones that clearly couldnt support much weight, further evidence for this animals semi-marine existence.

Strategic Analysis on Toyota Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Strategic Analysis on Toyota - Assignment Example The paper tells that the history of Toyota can be traced back to humble beginnings in 1930 as a research initiative into gasoline-powered engines at Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, before the registration of Toyota Motor Corporation Ltd. in 1937. The company’s timeline is characterised by major breakthroughs involving careful business partnerships with other players in the car industry and launch of activities into foreign markets. The first formal exports were to the USA in 1957. The company then entered with Hino Motors Ltd. in 1966 and Daihatsu Motor Co. in 1967, before launching the very successful Lexus brand in the USA. Production in the UK began in 1992, and the company saw the launch of the world’s first mass produced hybrid car, the Prius. Production in France began in 2001, with Toyota entering Formula 1 in 2002. Recent highlights include the introduction of the Lexus in Japan in 2005 and establishment of a strategic direction for the firm towards industry leader ship into the future. Toyota has grown into a giant global car maker, surviving a decade of poor performance by the industry to continually post profits and growth nearly all the time. In 2010, the company was ranked first in terms of units moved (8,557,351) and thus market share (11%). The latest figures however indicate that the company has fallen into third place behind GM and Volkswagen especially following the recent devastating earthquake in Japan. (Business Week 2011). Company Purpose Through analysis of Toyota’s vision, mission, objectives and company principles it is possible to gain important insight on Toyota’s current position in the global market and the strategic direction the company is taking. The company’s global vision is to â€Å"lead the way to the future of mobility, enriching lives around the world with the safest and most responsible way of moving people† (Toyota-global.com 2011). The company bases this vision on commitment to quali ty, high innovativeness and respect for the earth. From the company’s vision, it is clear that Toyota seeks to be the industry leader way into the future. The company’s mission statement is â€Å"To sustain profitable growth by providing the best possible customer experience and dealer support† (Toyota-global.com 2011). The mission and vision statements reveal that the company’s current and future are pegged on sustainability, quality and customer satisfaction. The management at Toyota has generated a set of principles that have brought the company the success it now enjoys, and still look to work with these principles into the future. These guiding principles involve honouring every nations law in order to be a good global corporate citizen, respecting customs and cultures of the different peoples around the globe, production of cleans and safe products, production of outstanding products through innovative technology, fostering individual creativity and teamwork through an appropriately enabling corporate culture, harmonious growth

Zara Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Zara Case Study - Essay Example Moreover, an analysis of the internal environment is performed to determine the strengths as well as weaknesses of the company. It has been observed that there are certain incidents in relation to adverse treatment of employees that has affected the stability of the company. Moreover, the employees are also perceived to be provided with deprived working environment. These incidents are accountable for hampering the brand image as well as reputation of the company. Furthermore, the strategies of the company are recognised in order to determine their appropriateness. It has been perceived that the company is quite successful with its existing strategies. There are a few recommendations which are made with respect to corporate social responsibility policies in order to improve the business principles to perform its operations more responsibly. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 4 2. Q1. Analysis of the External Environment 5 2.1. Macro Environment Analysis – PESTEL

Christian Service Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Christian Service Paper - Essay Example Initial Expectations and Alterations in the Viewpoints My initial expectations from the role in service site were highly influenced by the example of various social leaders. When joining Christian Services, I also expected a certain degree of spiritual satisfaction when serving the community with the sole motive of social welfare, apart from economic value obtainment. I also expected the job to be less challenging than the other tasks related with community welfare through non-profit firms. However, once I started working in Christian Services, I realized that even though the task comprised unambiguous responsibilities and a determined work process, the role presented significant challenges in terms of a varied range of the data obtained through the questionnaires used. ... Prior to my joining in the group, I also presumed that owing to governmental policies and the increased accessibility to resources, communities today have become quite competent to attain the demanded growth. However, after joining the group, I found that non-profit concerns and social groups, such as Christian Services play a significant role working as intermediaries to serve with adequate resources to the community. Correspondingly, my expectations have also altered by a significant extent after identifying the fact which has positively influenced the way I valued my service role in the group. One person who played a vital role in redefining my perceptions and expectations from the service role was my senior and also my mentor in the initial phase of my experiences in Christian Services. He not only made me realize the criticality of my job role but also conveyed me the actual aim and objective of the community. It has been through the influence of this information that my expecta tions have altered in relation to the service site being concerned towards a greater degree of efficiency in relation to the service deliverance of community welfare rather than focusing upon personal benefits. Benefits of Christian Work One of the major benefits of Christian work, which I have been able to identify during my course of service, is the opportunity that is offered by the group to its volunteers in offering the community with valuable assistance to grow. To be specific, the group offers with ample scope to serve the community with greater participation in identifying the growth needs and the obstacles witnessed by the common public. Hence, by being associated with the group, I realized myself to be quite benefitted with greater

Landlord and Tenant law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Landlord and Tenant law - Essay Example The law protects and acts on behalf of both the landlord and the tenant. Ms. Richard the tenant has occupied the dwelling unit for a number of months. Since she moved in, the flat has been constantly damp due to roof leakage every time it rains. This has brought severe cold on her. She has frequently complained to the landlord who has not taken any action. Consequently, she has terminated paying the rent to accumulate enough money to engage a builder do the repairs. It is worth to note that Mr. Samson gave her a tenancy agreement, which is for a fixed term of two years. In the agreement tenancy, there is no reference to any repairing obligation of the landlord. It also prohibits keeping of pets but Ms. Richards keeps an Alsatian dog in the flat. She has also been convicted of possessing cannabis on the premises. Mr. Samson intends to evict Ms. Richards from his premises soon. According to section 109 (b) of the Landlord and Tenant Act, rent should be paid at the time and place agreed by the parties. The entire rent should be paid at the beginning of any term. One month’s rent should be paid at the beginning of each month of a longer term. Unless otherwise agreed, Mr Samson is justified to claim the rent arrears in a court of law and obtain possession of his house. He can evict Ms. Richard who has bleached the agreement under the Serious Rent Arrears ground and pursuant to section 21 of the Housing Act, 1998. We can compare the above justification to a case in London where one Mr. O had extensive rent arrears in Mr. S’s dwelling unit. Though Mr. S had not given a written tenancy agreement to the tenant, he was finally able to obtain possession of his property under the ground of Serious Rent Arrears. Compared to Mr. S, Mr. Samson is in a better position to acquire possession of his premises as he had issued a tenancy agreement to Ms. Richard at the commencement of her tenancy. (See, Landlord law 2009-Examples of successful

Sustaining engagement in adolescents before disengagements Essay

Sustaining engagement in adolescents before disengagements - Essay Example Plans that best interest them. Identify their areas if interest- what are their hobbies, talents, dreams, aspirations, as well as ideas of how best to help them. Establish effective communication by incorporating modern technology. The communication channel should not only he seen as formal and vertical but also open and horizontal. Be honest, interactive as much as possible and open to new ideas. Invite feedback, suggestions as well as input into programs. . Use of modern technology not only helps in bridging the age gap but also creates an intimate bond. Incorporate their ideas in implementing changes. Lastly establish a friendly environment based on trust and mutual respect. Involve the adolescent by identifying the progress also the failures if any. Use of incentives. Build in incentives that require self-motivation, skill, and leadership. However since not all adolescents have the same capacity the reward scheme should be tailored according to the different abilities. Discuss in an honest manner, offer advice when needed and offer opportunity and space for growth. Adolescents when encouraged and given a good channel of interaction show much progress and development both mentally and

Can socialism be achieved within a capitalist society Essay

Can socialism be achieved within a capitalist society - Essay Example The forces of demand, supply and availability of goods determine prices. As a result, there exists a huge gap between individuals in possession of capital and the ones without. Under capitalism, the government has little control over labour forces (Wu, 2002, p. 56; Yunker, 2009, p. 56). Although socialism idea was noble, its enforcement in a modern capitalist society can prove to be retrogressive rather that progressive (Hancke?, Martin, and Mark, 2007, p. 34). The introduction of socialist elements would prove inefficient and wasteful in a capitalist economy. This owes to the difficulties that arise in the organization of production by socialists. Moreover, socialists remain vague on the manner in which the system should be effectively integrated without harming the more stable capitalist form of governance. Gross misconceptions and indolence of the masses about the intentions of socialism also threaten its practicality (Hancke? et al., 2007, p. 58). In effect, this would challenge the scientific thought of rational conduct over life, which promotes rational economic calculations. Socialism would fail to address scarcity, an economic problem, if introduced in a capitalist society. Scarcity stems from the unlimited wants versus limited resources to meet them. Capitalism solves this problem through the theory of value, which asserts that an individual can only chose a good whose value is appeasing. Preference therefore sets the platform for monetary valuations and prices. Socialists do not value pricing or the determination of prices by economic agents. Without prices, valuations of goods and services would not adequately support satisfaction of wants through expending acquired incomes from specialized division of labour (Watson, and Hassett, 2008, p. 121). Socialism, through its limitation of the absence of fluctuating prices and free markets, would undermine proper use of resources in a capitalist society. It is nearly impossible to imagine a successful societ y that prevents free expression of preferences through a pool of prices. Random and frequent valuations of a resource through the forces of supply and demand are the only sure way of determining whether it is being used effectively to meet human wants. It would be impossible for socialist ideas like these to thrive in a highly competitive capitalist society where only the strong survive (Yunker, 2009, p. 112). While competitiveness in a capitalist society drives civilization, socialist ideas would lead to slow growth. This is because decision making and planning become centralized with bureaucracy standing in the way of development and growth. There is also the aspect of collective effort rather than personal challenge that leaves the society exposed to inefficiency and laxity. There is no place for laxity in a capitalist society as everyone is encouraged to work hard to attain personal development, which often reflects in the overall performance of the economy. Socialists cannot gu arantee adequate service to consumers while maximizing profits compared to capitalists. This efficiency arises from the promotion of private ownership of factors of production, which socialists oppose (Lawler III, 2009, p. 6). Freedom by private owners like proprietors and entrepreneurs to acquire and dispose property sets them on the path to determining true prices that reflect market forces of demand and supply. Through such freedom to calculate and

Sustaining engagement in adolescents before disengagements Essay

Sustaining engagement in adolescents before disengagements - Essay Example Plans that best interest them. Identify their areas if interest- what are their hobbies, talents, dreams, aspirations, as well as ideas of how best to help them. Establish effective communication by incorporating modern technology. The communication channel should not only he seen as formal and vertical but also open and horizontal. Be honest, interactive as much as possible and open to new ideas. Invite feedback, suggestions as well as input into programs. . Use of modern technology not only helps in bridging the age gap but also creates an intimate bond. Incorporate their ideas in implementing changes. Lastly establish a friendly environment based on trust and mutual respect. Involve the adolescent by identifying the progress also the failures if any. Use of incentives. Build in incentives that require self-motivation, skill, and leadership. However since not all adolescents have the same capacity the reward scheme should be tailored according to the different abilities. Discuss in an honest manner, offer advice when needed and offer opportunity and space for growth. Adolescents when encouraged and given a good channel of interaction show much progress and development both mentally and

Market Structure Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Market Structure - Research Paper Example PERFECT COMPETITION: Firms operating under perfect competition essentially rest upon four primary assumptions, the first of which is that since there are several firms operating under this model the significance of their output from a perspective of the entire industry supply is unimportant which means that such firms do not have the capability to influence the price of the product, therefore, at the market price perfect competition firms are said to experience perfectly elastic demand. Henceforth, this phenomenon postulates that perfect competition firms are price takers (Mankiw, 2011). The second assumption of the model of perfect competition relates to the freedom of entry into the industry or whether there is existence of any barriers to entry or exit. In this scenario, new firms do not face any lack of restrictions if they wish to enter the industry, however, the concept of freedom of entry is said to be applicable in the long-run owing to the period it takes to establish an org anization (Sloman, 2006). A fundamental assumption of the model relates to product homogeneity within the industry, this concept is based upon the idea that all businesses supply products that are identical (Sloman, 2006). Lastly, it is supposed that buyers and sellers have perfect knowledge regarding the market such as price, quality and costs. The profit maximizing output of the firm occurs at the intersection of Marginal Cost and Marginal Revenue where, MC = MR (Sloman, 2006). Therefore, when P = MC firms in perfect competition are economically efficient, where allocative efficiency occurs when consumer as well as producer surplus is at its maximum and productive efficiency occurs because the firm’s equilibrium output in the long-run is established where the businesses’ average cost is the least. The quantity of firms in the short run varies as firms leave or come into the industry, if it is understood that the costs of the firms experience no change the exit of som e firms will lead to generation of abnormal profit or supernormal profit where AR>AC. In the long-run however, the attraction of abnormal profits will cause firms to enter the industry because of no barriers to entry or exit thereby, bringing the state of the market back to equilibrium at a point on the LRAC curve which is the least, causing firms to make normal or zero economic profit such that the long-run equilibrium occurs where P = AR = LRAC = LRMC = MR (Stanlake & Grant, 2000). Due to obvious factors relating to the model of perfect competition it can be concluded that most firms are not audacious in terms of taking risks. The instability of demand therefore, causes perfectly competitive firms to diversify which leads to intra-industry trade and if the condition of elastic demand is fulfilled such exchange of identical commodities on an international scale proves to be beneficial for both the countries and firms involved (Cukrowski & Aksen, 2003). Hypothetically, the economic efficiency of perfectly competitive firms would indicate that government regulation is not required in such a model but in the short-run government intervention might be needed to control prices if firms are generating supernormal profits, however, the primary premise remains that in a perfectly competi

Tele Health And Tele Care Health Health And Social Care Essay

Tele Health And Tele Care Health Health And Social Care Essay Telehealth and Telecare are both advocated as a means of delivering social health and services effectively and economically in peoples home. By using these two technologies, monitoring activities and safety, providing virtual home visiting, and activating reminder system can be done quickly. Therefore, most of the consumers are elderly people .This paper compares Telehealth and Telecare technologies and highlights the popularity of each technology. The literature review of the paper has focused on defining each technology and looking to the users satisfaction from each technology. The SWOT analysis has been used to demonstrate the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of each technology. To find the popularity of each technology some questionnaire forms has been used which distributed between 40 elderly people of Toronto by random. The results show that people between ages 66-75 are the highest consumers of telehealth and telecare and more satisfied. The overall analysis show ed that telecare satisfaction percentage is higher than telehealth satisfaction percentage however it is recommended for more advertisement for telecare products due to facing lots of people who were unfamiliar with telecare products. Future recommended research is an investigation on elderly and telehealth and telecare technology and focusing on telecare and telehealth interactions and requirements. INTRODUCTION 1.1- Introduction During the past few years there have been growths in possibilities of technical developments in smart environments. Developing the life quality for young, elderly and disabled people has become more and more vital task for todays societies all around the world. What is a smart home? According to the (Smart home, 2009) The terms smart homes, intelligent homes, home networking have been used for more than a decade to introduce the concept of networking devices and equipment in the house. According to the Smart Homes Association the best definition of smart home technology is: the integration of technology and services through home networking for a better quality of living Other terms that are related to smart homes are aware house changeable home, attentive house and ambient intelligence These terms are used to emphasize that the home environment should be able to respond and modify itself continuously according to its diverse residents and their changeable needs According to (Allen, 2001) Assistive technologies (AT) which can be known as a branch of Smart homes is applied to any kind of system or device, which has been designed to help disabled or elderly to overcome their individual disabilities. In other word Assistive technologies are broad range of devices and services that are designed to increase the functional abilities of disabled people. Assistive technology enables disabled and elderly people to become independent and participate more actively in their daily life. Telecare and Telehealth are two effective extensions of smart home technology as the concern is to use of technology to monitor the health of the users. Both telecare and telehealth systems rely on telephone lines or broadband internet as means of transferring information from the source which can be house to the receiver who maybe a doctor or a nurse. 1.2 -Background Telehealth, which is a part of information and communication technologies introduced for delivering health care services and it is considered as a way to answer lots of essential changing in healthcare systems in current years. Many of telehealth projects are taking place to targeting countryside and remote the population. So far, different kinds of telehealth applications have been implemented in developing countries and have shown the outcomes. However telehealth technologies have increased the availability of technology and telecommunication around the world. As (Gagnon et al , 2006) argue in their research, the execution of telehealth still faces major barriers, typically barriers related to structural, organizational and finally professional imperatives. Furthermore the structural barriers related to licensure, information technology developments and settlement of telehealth. Also, issues about health care organizations are also important to ensure the telehealth adoption. More over the adoption of telehealth technology by an individual is considered to be difficult which is determined by a large set of physical factors. According to (Perry et al, 2009) Telecare also is a part of telecommunication and technology which can provide care and support people in their homes. There are three kinds of people who can benefit most from telecare service, elderly people, disabled and those with mobility impairments. The use of this technology is determined to reduce the inappropriate or unnecessary admissions to the hospital especially for falls or any kind of accidents at home. To increase the benefits of telecare, it is necessary to know the opinion of the users about this technology. As (Crump, 2010) discusses, telecare services provide opportunities for technology to replace people in some roles. Although it is a rapid and effective technology for supporting services but it is necessary to have some training before using this technology. In other word this technology can be useful only if you know how to use it correctly otherwise it could be harmful. According to Nation health executive (NHE, 2006), by increasing an ageing population and prevalence of chronic disease a challenge for the management and integration of health care is growing. The need for new care models and new technologies for long term illness is more visible and clinical partnerships and networks supports the care strategies within home Environment. Therefore emerging telecare and telehealth have the potential to enable long term medical care in peoples own homes. Many studies indicate that telecare and telehealth technology has a positive effect on the clinical outcomes, user independencies, reduction in emergency visits and lower admission to hospital. However there is a lack of evidence to execute that these two technologies are cost effective-whilst there is a belief about assistive technologies exists that they should help to reduce costs in long terms and supports for faced problems. 1.3- Research The main focus of this research is to comparing telecare and telehealth and their consequences in medical business. The aim of this paper is to find out the popularity of these two technologies between elderly and finding their good and bad consequences on people, society and business. According to ( Sixsmith ,2000) Many people in the field trial reported enhanced feelings of safety and security, which could help to stimulate independence and help them to remain living in their own homes The monitoring system increased the care choices available to elderly people and supported and enhanced the cares role Technical perspective of telehealth and telecare concerns the use and development of ICT based systems. The marketplace of these technologies continues to see rapid developments. Therefore telecare and telehealth can make a real difference to the lives of elderly and disabled people. In this research the author is going to define telehealth and telecare separately and talking about the advantages and disadvantages of each of these two technologies as well as cost analysis of them due to the several studies over the years executes that these two systems achieved a considerable cost saving. Furthermore telecare and telehealth satisfaction is going to evaluate. 1.4- Research Aim and objectives The major significance of this study is to probe deeply in to the comments and analysis of several authors conducting their research in the subject of telecare and telehealth, to identify evidence of advantage or flaws and weaknesses that may or may not exist in the present exploitation of the services and related devices technology as well as evaluating the comments of elderly about telecare and telehealth, and finally evaluating the telecare and telehealth satisfaction between elderly. Therefore, the major objectives of these investigations are: * To provide necessary response to questions arising from the comparisons between telecare and telehealth. * To evaluate the popularity of telecare and telehealth between elderly and possible flow that may or may not exist in the present use of telecare and telehealth * To criticize and analyze the results. * To make some recommendation for future development of telecare and telehealth REVIEW OF LITERATURE Telecare and Telehealth ; as a part of the collection smart home play a major role in the comfort and quality of life of all people. This role is even more important when these technologies and services are contributed to a special group called elderly. (BBC news, 2008) produces program about chronic disease patients and elderly to use telehealth and telecare products at home and monitor their health by mobile phones. As declared in (BBC , 2008) Patients with high blood pressure and chronic lung disease will be initially recruited to test new technology that allows them to measure their blood pressure,and oxygen levels at homeThe readings will be sent via mobile phone into a central computer and collated into an online health record that can be accessed by both the patient and their GP. As BBC announced ; it is expected that project of telehealth and telecare to be expanded between 1500 patients by 2012. However the question is that how well do elderly people know these products? 2.2 -What is meant by Telehealth? As American (telecare, 2009) argues Telehealth is a revolutionary medical tool that affordably expands and improves health care services for patients regardless of age, race, gender or economic status Generally Elderly patients living in remote areas and individuals suffering from a chronic disease are best suited for telehealth services In another word telehealth plays an integral role in the management of long-term conditions. As healthcare professionals begin their health services from pilot to mainstream provision your telehealth partner must help you step by step to go through the transition. These services are usually provided when a Tunstall telehealth projects is started. Tunstall is a founder member of the continua health Alliance. Their policy of ongoing development means that products specification and appearance could change without prior notice. In general, telehealth is general term that includes many various activities. Many of components of telehealth integrated have been presented in the Telehealth Pyramid (figure 2.1). Figure 2.2.1 The Telehealth pyramid, ( Elford , 2004) Although all parts of the pyramid should be coordinated to gain the best result, each section could exist independently. On the basis of past successful telehealth experience, the components of telehealth should be placed in one physical center. In Figure 2.2.1 which has illustrated Telehealth levels in Health care system of USA, various parts of the pyramid will be delineated from the bottom to top. The size of each section could hardly present the number of people involved. The base section is 1-800 health call center. This center is active day and night for 24 hours, 7 days a week. The staff working in this section includes: health professionals, for most parts nurses. When clients call in , the staff would respond major health questions, assist patients with minor health problems and if needed guide the patient to the proper healthcare resource. The next layer (Medical Data and Telemetry call center). Has been set up similar to 1-800 call center, however in spite of receiving telephone calls, would also receive telemetry and medical information such as: blood pressure, EKG, Blood sugar and other types of blood chemistry, weight and pulmonary function test. This information could be sent on a daily basis or upon urgent request. The next section, Internet Health Information and Education provides health information websites for healthcare professional and patients. The patients website includes information on different topics, response to common health questions to choice of e-mailing a health professional on a special health problem, chatting with groups for the patients with special conditions. The health professional website has more complete information for various health conditions and provides access to the health education endeavors. The Tele-education layer is using all the telecommunication technologies and information to provide health education for both patient and health professionals. Some of the website functions of the former level could be used in this section. According to (Elford ,2004) The next layer includes Teleconsultation, Telenursing and Telehome care. Teleconsultation is defined as the provision of any medical services occurring between physician and patient such as: Telepsychiatry, Teledermotology, and Tele ENT All activities mentioned involve a health professional providing a health service a patient. Finally the last layer of pyramid (administrative center, research unit and training center) includes a number of key components that are crucial for the proper operation and long term maintenance of the telehealth. This center would manage and coordinate the following endeavors: a research unit will help in the design implementation and evaluation of telehealth project s and could also be involve d in technical test projects or evaluation. At last, a curriculum in Telehealth and a place for hands on training could be providing for the students. ( Elford ,2004) believes that Professionals (physicians, nurses, technicians) can also take non-credit courses could also take non-credit courses for education or training. Some organizations such as (Department of National Defense) contracting the training center, could provide health training to their personnel. Whilst the telehealth pyramid of NHS (national health center) , which belongs to the UK , shows using telehealth at three levels. Looking through the pyramid from bottom to top will show that 70 -80 % of the population are supported self-care which is possible by web based- tools, and self monitoring. At the second level which is high risk disease, some home monitoring is possible but the availability of doctors and nurses are necessary at this case. And finally at the third level of the NHS telehealth pyramid , because of the highly complex case management , home monitoring of patient, using assistive technology and computerized decision support system can be using all together. Figure 2.2.2 , NHS Pyramid , (Procter , Azarmina , 2007) Telehealth can connect people with one another and by various health organizations as follow: * Wireless mobile devices According to (Hinz ,2010), wireless mobile devices in this study will only be utilized in the context of healthcare. these devices include: consumer mobile phones, medical devices that work in the next generation of consumer mobile phone, and medical devices operates within a home premise and can transmit information through land-line , mobile phone or internet. * Basic mobile phones According to Hinz ,(2010) over the last ten years, the most accepted technology in day to day communication is the mobile phone. Even the most outdated mobile phone can make and receive both calls and text-messages .text messages and specially 3G mobile internets is a suitable media for the health system when we try to connect to patients. Also the appointment reminder alert is a very valuable tool. * Remote care clinical devices (Remote medical care, 2010) argues that In relation to vital signs, medical devices are different in size and complexity and the interaction with ill people. Many of these medical devices have software that could operate as a PC and mobile phone. High performance semiconductor chips which are highly integrated will expand personal medical devices. Whether these devices are a blood glucose meter, digital blood pressure meter, blood gas meter, digital plus/heart rate monitor or a digital thermometer are five system level blocks that are common for each device: * Power battery management * Data processing and control * Amplification and A/D conversation of the sensor input * Some type of Display * The sensor element(s) itself These devices are controlled by a handle, which are activated by battery power and using different biosensors and take measurements. The real performance topology of these blocks is quite different with the sensing, processing and information display demands of the type of meter and the chronic condition it measures. 2.2.1 -Telehealth satisfaction As (Ellis,2009) argued patient satisfaction influences on patients values and expectations from telehealth services therefore by measuring telehealth satisfaction more information and more positive and negative affect will be gained. On the other hand according (Ellis, 2009) the researches on patients satisfaction about quality of interactions and telehealth services are pretty low therefore there is more requires going in depth of this topic. According to the (Clinical evaluation, 2008) which evaluated the telehealth satisfaction from different aspects, most of the users of telehealth were between the ages of 65 to 80. The Pie chart in appendix 2 shows the age dividing in detail. The overall satisfaction level with Telehealth experience shows that 85 % of the users are very satisfied from this technology where only 15 % were satisfied and no one were not satisfied of it. The details of users satisfaction is shown in the pie chart in appendix 3. On the other hand the evaluation shows only 5% of people were disagree about the cost saving of Telehealth whilst 95% were agree about the cost saving. Appendix 4 shows the pie chart of the agreement and disagreement. 2.2.2 Consequences of Telehealth for the patients * Immediate utilization of care specifically for the patient who live in rural environments. * Patients receive care and health from a distance and do not have to go to doctors office to receive attention from their health provider. * Early detection to reduce emergency room visits and hospitalizations * To discharge early from hospital * Patient and family can have access to care from the comfort of their home. * Patients anxiety is reduced. * Increased conformity and ownership to their individual health care plan * Old patients can stay independent rather than going in to assisted living situation * Patients feel thesaurus to take part in their care program. * Increased patients satisfaction in received care In general Telehealth is a very effective tool to handle patients that need the most care and attract the most cost, especially patients with chronic and terminal conditions. The following patient conditions were successful with Telehealth program: 1- Chronic disease which includes: * HIV Aids * Cancer * Asthma * Diabetes * Congestive heart failure 2- Elderly patient cares which includes: * Post stroke * Therapies * Post operative states * Medical compliance 3- General care which includes * High risk pregnancy * Wound care The Telehealth advantage for healthcare providers, administrators and institutions are: * It can improve quality of care and clinical outcome * It can increase productivity for healthcare provider * It is a cost saving method that can advance profitability and business growth There are also some other advantages for doctors and nurses can schedule for patient visits without leaving the office. In this way productivity of the number of patients that can be visited per day could increase. Clinicians can expand their office geographically. Patients can be visited regularly. Healthcare will be able to spend more time with patients and can monitor and regulate their patients care better. Healthcare providers have the advantage of attracting managed care contracts and also will be able to manage cost effective service. (Darkins and Cary, 2000) believe that since healthcare expenses are rising, providers while maintaining good quality care and patients satisfaction .lower their costs. The related technologies help providers to produce their own effective healthcare by maximizing their human and capital resource. 2.3 -What is meant by Telecare? Telecare is to monitor a patients real-time emergencies and his life style changes from a distance in order to manage the risks associated with independent living. Telecare is needed since: As (Camarinha-Matos, Afsarmanesh, 2004) argue It is a highly flexible tool which can be employed by the needs of new users. This technology can be utilized in learning disabilities, physical disabilities and mental health. Telecare can contribute to independent living and quality of life for people and their family significantly. (Tunstall , 2007) believes that The major activity of Telecare services is to manage Telecare assets more effective to guarantee that service remain more productive. According to (Tunestall ,2007) Telecare overlay has been developed to allow the effective implementation of radio Telecare sensors into supported housing communities It enables the monitoring of wandering and bed occupancy as well as environmental issues such as smoke, flood and gas within a sheltered setting (Tunstall, 2007) also argues that the telecare overlay system includes a telecare manager unit and a radio receiver, this equipment is added to the existing communicable vision system and enables staff using a variety of sensors receive alarm calls. These receivers are located around scheme. When a receiver receives the radio signals of a sensor, it will be forwarded to the communicational vision system and then raises the alarm call on the handset carried by onsite staff. Therefore, the onsite staff will be able to talk to the resident. The system can alternately sound on alarm at the responding center. According to James Buckley, the chief executive officer of Telecare times in (Tunstall , 2007) , Telecare will make the cares able to go back to their work, will promote these services to more number of audience, and support people who have learning disabilities. In another word Telecare describes any services that bring health and social care directly to a user, generally in their homes, supported by information and communication technology. It covers social alarms, lifestyle monitoring and Telehealth (remote monitoring of UTIA signs) for diagnosis, assessment and prevention. Telecare covers a wide range of equipment (detectors, monitors alarms, pendants and etc) and also services for monitoring call centers and response. ( Camarinha-Matos , Afsarmanesh ,2004) believes that In the UK Telecare alarms acts as a mediator through call center, however in the US you are able to purchase devices that connects directly to emergency response services. The sample lists of Telecare devices are include: * Safety confirmation phones * Movement /non-movement sensors * Fire/smoke alarms * Food / water alarms * Window/door sensor * Bed/ chair occupancy sensor * Falls sensor * Wrist worn wellbeing monitors * Automatic lighting sensor * Carbon monoxide sensor * Temperature range sensor * Medication reminder sensor 1- Devices for predicting problem: This prediction depends on software that receives signals from sensor and analyses the frequency and severity of monitored event such as minor falls. 2- Devices that reduce the chance if problems occurring: For example a bad sensor can prevent falls by turning a light on when a person gets out of bed. This helps because does not need to move around and search for the light switch in the dark room. if the person does not return to bed it can raise an alarm. If the helps received quickly, problems do not rise. 3- Devices that mitigate harm These devices send an alert signal to a call center, therefore, a help can arrive quickly before harm is done .an extreme temperature device is activated when the temperature rises quickly or reaches a low point . 4- Personal safety confirmation: (Camarinha-Matos , Afsarmanesh ,2004) argues that The owner of this phone based device pushes a bottom on an agreed time everyday to inform the call center that they are well and alive. This considered as an alternative for independent people who are not interested in wearing a pendant alarm button or those who may fall and become unconscious and cannot pull an alert themselves. 2.3.1- Telecare satisfaction There were two types of telecare units that were developed. One of them is based on pc setup and video conferencing and another one off- the- shelf video conferencing units. According to (Guillen et al , 2002) there is high satisfaction for the patients who used telecare devices also the medical staff were satisfied due to the improvement in quality of health services. The result of their research shows that medical staffs believe that telecare system is a trustworthy system for patients and there is low risk for patients while using telecare system. However there are more researches needs to be done in this area because of the short duration of previous experiments. 2.3.2-Consequences of Telecare * It can help to maintain independence for people * Safety and confidence could be increased * It could support careers along with traditional healthcare support and housing initiatives. * It could ease the transfer from traditional models of residential care to supporting people at home. The pressure on the NHS can be reduced the environmental risks such as fire, flooding, carbon monoxide , natural gas , high and low temperatures and personal risks such as wandering , falling , inactivity , burglary , bogus callers and many more could protect users. (Camarinha-Matos , Afsarmanesh ,2004) * According to the (department of health ,2010) Telecare could prevent 160.000 people from entering residential care per year, indicating potential cost saving of 20 Billion pound . 2.4 -Comparison of Telecare and Telehealth A high increment in the cost of care or nursing homes is the main reason of inventing new methods of supporting people in their homes. Since according to (Doughty et al ,2007,p.6) the dependency ratio which is defined as( number of working people to those who are retired) is about to fall from 4:1 to 2.1:1 in the next 40 years, so the demands for the care services will increase and services that are based on technologies can replace. (According to Doughty et al ,2007, p.7) The term telecare was selected to cover all electronic technologies of a preventive or supportive nature because it had the necessary buzz and because it implied a modular approach and a need for a developing telecommunications infrastructure As (Doughty et al, 2007, p.7) argued Although the fundamental purpose of the technology is to avoid unscheduled care incidents and, in particular, the management of long-term conditions, it can support Independence because it is capable of overcoming the need for people to move prematurely into a nursing home environment Such technology would appear to be a medical application of telecare, which would be consistent with the new definition of telecare described above However, remote and regular (but not continuous) vital signs monitoring may be fundamentally different to existing UK telecare systems because the purpose is to collect data rather than offer an automated alarm Whilst in the USA, the remote vital signs monitoring system are known as telehealth. The term of telehealth in the Europe has been the Umbrella term which is used for grate range of technologies which includes telemedicine as well. The telehealth and telecare umbrella model will show the alternatives for adoption or rejection. As the figure 2.4.1 shows there are three components of telehealth exist which shows a growing range of assistive technologies. Also there are some disabled facilities has covered .covering number of comparatively expensive fixed assistive technologies like level access showers can be known as effective versions. However consequent removal while the service user moves on is more difficult with the result that the venture is left in the property. This means that following architects to follow the lifetime homes and using free access for the standards is necessary. Telehealth somehow has higher weight than telecare because health is necessary for everyone but maybe not everyone need care. Figure 2.4.1 Telehealth Umbrella model (Doughty et al ,2007, p.9) As figure 2.4.2 shows telecare is term which is used for all defensive technologies which are using electronics, telecommunication and information system. Thats why they can cover some applications such as alarms through monitoring the vital signs either in the home or on the move thus when a term such as Telehealth covers all forms of information and medical monitoring then the advanced form which is telecare could be expanded from environmental to medical areas. In another word According to (Doughty et al ,2007,p.8) the use of community / social alarm system to support independent living as a form of telecare was both a consequence of change in community care but also it produced a valuable service that did not have doctors and nurses as the gatekeeper Figure 2.4.2 umbrella model of telecare (Doughty et al ,2007,p.9) 2.5 -Impact of telecare and telehealth on cost saving There are lots of comparative studies in telehealth and telecare which demonstrate the economic benefits of these technologies. These studies show that improved access to suitable healthcare services, increased patients satisfaction and cost savings. Many of pre- reviewed researches consistent in finding that telehealth and telecare saves the patients, providers and payers money in compare of traditional healthcare system. According to (Jennett et al, 2003), Cost saving of telehealth services can be done by reduction in use of hospitals, nursing home services and transport costs. In other word reduction in transporting patients to emergency departments and therefore to physician offices will cause a reduction in cost of emergency department visits. 4.5- SWOT Analysis Since in primary data , the author couldnt noticed the presented data completely relevant to the research questions and couldnt answer all the objectives of the research therefore she decided to do the SWOT analysis .SWOT Analysis is a kind of evaluation by defining the Strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of the defined subject. 4.5.1- Telehealth SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis of telehealth is focusing on what the strength of the telehealth are, what can be known as the weaknesses, what opportunities telehealth has and finally what are the threats o

Essay --

For the Mars City Alpha Design project our group had been assigned The HAR unit (Health and Recreation). We are in charge of maintaining the physical and psychological health of all the crew members, 25 people. This is a huge responsibility because if this unit were to fail the whole mission would be compromised. For this project we were assigned groups of 5 people and each person had the select one of the five individual units which is; a Leisure and Exercise facility, a Personal Hygiene facility, a Galley Facility, a Health Maintenance facility, and a Crew quarters facility. I selected the Health Maintenance Facility. I are in charge of preventing sickness by promoting health; in addition I should be able to take care of an emergency situation that might happen because there is not a chance of returning to earth unless you can survive a trauma for 3 years. I also give diagnostics, medical checkups, health monitoring and routine and trauma treatment. My facility help the colonists live and work by providing healthcare, and weekly check-ups and monitoring so we can detecting sickness or diseases early and be able to treat effectively and safety so that person can go back to duty quick because everyone counts when you are on Mars. During this project we were in charge of research and reading about our unit. During my research I found a lot of shocking things on the physiology of space flight. When in space the Crew Member are exposed to a lot of dangerous disease such as Fluid Redistribution which causes the fluid in the body to travel to the upper body and causes the symptoms of the common cold. Also in space because the loss of fluid they also lose 22% of their blood volume, because it has less to pump the heart will begin to a... ...n to help monitor the mental health of astronauts. My facility interacts will other facility rarely. I reply on the waste management to get rid of bio-waste. Also the Energy management too supply me with electrical to operate my unit. I’ve learned many things about mars so I will list the most important ones 1. Mars has the tallest mountain in the Solar System, It’s called Olympus Mons 2. We have pieces of Mars on Earth 3. Mars consists of 95% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% argon and trace amounts of water and oxygen. 4. The first telescopic observation of Mars was done by Galileo Galilei 5. Mars has all four seasons like of Earth 6. Mars is host to five functioning spacecraft: three in orbit — the Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, and two on the surface — Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity and the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity.

Killer Angels Essays -- essays research papers

The novel The Killer Angles, by Michael Shaara, gives a story like depiction of the American Civil War at the Battle of Gettysburg. In this novel we see the views of both Confederate and Union armies. The officers for both sides in this novel used to go to war with each other but are now on different sides according to their political views. In the end both armies realized the war had accomplished nothing but all the deaths of soldiers. During the novel, the armies are going to war against their opponents and not necessarily their enemies.Despite the fact that the Confederate and Union armies were entirely concerned with defeating their opponent, many times they were fighting against relatives and friends. For instance, General Armistead says, "...will you tell General Hancock how ...

Macbeth: Reasons For The Development Of Insanity Essay

Insanity, as defined as an inability to act rationally, develops most commonly in individuals as a response to conditions with which the mind is unable to cope. Prolonged or intense, sudden psychological trauma always results in denial or repression in some form or another, both of which cause the individual to gradually lose their grip on reality. In the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, as the chaos and guilt caused by their immoral actions increases, the prevalent characters deteriorate into insanity. Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, and Macduff slip into delusion and desperate acts as an outlet for their growing disgust with both themselves and the consequences of their actions. The play opens with a description of gruesome war, in the thick of which is Macbeth, alluding to the dangerous internal conflict going on within him- he is at once consumed by ambition, yet completely lacking in the self-confidence to support it. Macbeth†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ s weak character, marked by his inability to make decisions that are not black and white in nature and his susceptibility to persuasion, is clearly displayed in his constant need for reassurance from outside influences and his expression of desire that his actions could have no consequence, ‘†Ã¢â‚¬ËœIf it were done when â€Å"‘†tis done, then â€Å"‘†twere well twere done quickly. If th†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ assassination Could trammel up the consequence and catch With his surcease, success, that but this blow Might be the be-all and the end-all – here.'†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (I.vii.1-5) Since this is obviously impossible, he attempts to break the murder of Duncan down into the most basic and acceptable cause and effect- his ambition. If there are no tangible affirmations for the immoral actions that Macbeth†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ s ambition prompts he invents them, such as the bloody dagger he imagines leads him to kill Duncan. In any case, Macbeth attempts to evade the consequences of his morally ambiguous decisions by shifting their perceivable source to either his wife or the supernatural world, in his mind effectually making him only a pawn to the whims of fate. As Macbeth contemplates Duncan†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ s virtues and other compelling moral reasons for aborting the crime, ‘†Ã¢â‚¬ËœHis virtues will plead like angels, trumpet-tongued against the deep damnation of his taking-off,'†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (I.vii.18-20) morality seems to be the most complicating factor in the decision to commit murder and thus, is also the biggest obstacle to his ambition. So, to simplify things, Macbeth allows his moral arguments to be rejected. However, once he sets his morals aside, he cannot regain them, ‘†Ã¢â‚¬ËœI am in blood stepped in so far that should I wade no more, returning were as tedious as go o†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ er. Strange things I have in head that will to hand, which must be acted ere they may be scanned.'†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (III.iv.136-140) At this point Macbeth admits that his actions are too horrific to ever be forgiven, therefore the only avenue of action left to him that he perceives is to continue along the path he is already following. He can no longer tolerate being a walking contradiction; feeling immense guilt for the murders he commits, but all the time plotting more to salve his paranoia of being found out. To remedy this, Macbeth resolves to suppress his conscience completely, turning him irrevocably evil from this point on, possibly with the aid of a hard whack to his forehead1. Macbeth†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ s abrupt turn of mood, from paranoid depression to manic delusion, is directly related to the prophecies of the weà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rd sisters that give him the false confidence he needs for affirmation of his actions and therefore solidifies his denial. Previously, as Macbeth begins to doubt that hiring murders to kill Banquo and Fleance will absolve him of the guilt, he subconsciously vents his horror at his action through the hallucination of Banquo†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ s ghost, while at the same time trying desperately to convince himself otherwise, ‘†Ã¢â‚¬ËœThou canst not say I did it; never shake thy gory locks at me!'†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (III.iv.50-51) These fits of paranoia are products of Macbeth†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ s feelings of guilt that only compound as Macbeth tries to suppress them, surfacing in hallucinations that threaten to expose him and a violent defence mechanism of murdering anyone that could be perceived as a threat. Macbeth seems to sense that it is only a matter of time before lying himself into an illusion of security fails. As everyone, including his wife, continually abandons him, Macbeth sinks into a mood of nihilism that follows his psychological pattern of denial and justification by allowing him to claim that if life is ultimately without consequence then his crimes are also meaningless, ‘†Ã¢â‚¬ËœLife†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ s but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing.'†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (IV.v.23-27) Against all rational logic, Macbeth concludes that he is innocent of any permanently damning acts, but also that life holds no further purpose for him. Like her husband, Lady Macbeth learns that there is such a thing as guilt by association. She is plagued by the knowledge that she herself did not kill Duncan, but is directly responsible for his death. Before the murder of Duncan, she has a misguided impression of aggression and violence as inherent male traits, and draws the conclusion that anyone truly masculine should be able to commit murder without repercussions on their conscience. Her compulsive need to wash herself clean of imaginary blood indicates that, unlike her husband who can respond to the nagging of his conscience by pushing it away completely, she cannot forgive herself, nor force herself to forget her culpability. Also, unlike Macbeth who nullifies his guilt, she magnifies her own to the point where it consumes her. Perhaps Lady Macbeth can sense the irony of her inability to cleanse herself of Duncan†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ s imaginary, yet permanently staining blood, ‘†Ã¢â‚¬ËœYet who would have thought the old man to have so much blood on him?'†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (V.i.33-34) when earlier she scolds Macbeth for making the same claim, ‘†Ã¢â‚¬ËœA little water clears us of this deed. How easy is it then!'†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (II.ii.70-71) Indeed, Lady Macbeth†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ s decline into insanity is marked most sharply by her contrast to both her earlier character and the character now being taken up by her husband, suggesting that if she listens to the his reservations, she can avoid the mental turmoil that she experiences later. However, Lady Macbeth expects that the amount of urging Macbeth requires to kill the first time is indicative of an inability to plot further murders. Instead she is constantly reminded of the atrocity she instigated by Macbeth†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ s insistence to raise the body count as high as possible. Disillusionment more than anything else is what pushes her over the brink of insanity and into an agony of anxiety and despair; gaining the throne does not bring her happiness, nor does it justify Duncan†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ s death. Accompanied only by Lady Macbeth, Macduff is the only other character that admits responsibility for their actions. Macduff†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ s sanity is severely shaken by the sudden shock of learning that his entire family has been cruelly murdered at Macbeth†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ s orders. He responds with passionate grief and regret for leaving them at Macbeth†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ s mercy, while he himself flees beyond Macbeth†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ s reach. When compared with the reactions of Ross and Malcolm, Macduff seems almost hysterical, but justifiably so. It is Ross and Malcolm that seem to have disproportionate emotion. Malcolm†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ s claims that Macduff should avenge the murder of his family by challenging Macbeth are fraught with hypocrisy, since Malcolm himself flees when his own father is murdered instead of taking his own advice. His urgings to Macduff seem to come from selfish means, (he needs an army with which to defeat Macbeth) instead of any real concern for the grief that Macduff is feeling. Macduff expresses his exasperation at Malcolm†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ s disregard and his feelings of culpability for provoking the tyrannical Macbeth†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ s wraith, ‘†Ã¢â‚¬ËœBut I must also feel it as a man; I cannot but remember such things were That were most precious to me. Did heaven look on, And would not take their part? Sinful Macduff, They were all struck for thee.'†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (IV.iii.224-228) Eventually Macduff does agree to Malcolm†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ s requests as it becomes increasingly apparent that he will not receive the sympathy he seeks from anyone. Indeed Macduff throws himself into the aim with obsessive vigour, having nothing left to live for. Macduff†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ s frantic charge to meet in a fight to the death with his nemesis seems to mirror his Macbeth†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ s own nihilistic mood- however, Macduff†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ s willingness to die originates from despair rather than apathy. In the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, the main characters stew in guilt upon realization of the aftermath of their actions, driving them to insanity. In that neither Macbeth, nor Lady Macbeth, nor Macduff can escape the mental anguish as consequence of their actions, Shakespeare effectively hits home the idea that one should thoroughly check their conscience before they act.